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Gen Bio 1 > LESSON 5 > Flashcards

LESSON 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A multicellular organism needs to coordinate _____ across different tissues & organs

A

cell division

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2
Q

critical for normal growth,
development & maintenance

A

cell division

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3
Q

not all cells can have the same ____

A

cell cycle

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4
Q

____ of cell division varies by cell type

A

Frequency

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5
Q

embryo
- cell cycle < ______

A

20 minute

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6
Q

skin cells
- divide frequently throughout life ________cycle

A

12-24 hours

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7
Q

liver cells
- retain ability to divide, but keep it in reserve divide once every _________

A

year or two

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8
Q

cell cycle 20mins

A

embryo

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9
Q

12-24 hrs cycle

A

skin cell

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10
Q

divides only once or twice a year

A

liver cells

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11
Q

do not divide at all after maturity permanently in G0

A
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12
Q

Two irreversible points in cell cycle

A
  • replication of genetic material
  • separation of sister chromatids
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13
Q
  • process is assessed & possibly halted
A

Checkpoints

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14
Q

cell cycle controlled by STOP & GO chemical signals at critical points

A

checkpoints

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15
Q

signals indicate if key cellular
processes have been completed correctly

A

checkpoints

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16
Q

3 major checkpoint

A

G1/s, g2/m, spindle fiber scheckpoint

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17
Q

can DNA synthesis begin?

A

`g1/s checkpoint

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18
Q

has DNA synthesis been completed correctly?

A

g2/m checkpoint

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19
Q

commitment to mitosis

A

g2/m checkpoint

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20
Q

are all chromosomes attached to spindle?

A

spindle checkpoint

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21
Q

can sister chromatids separate correctly?

A

spindle checkpoint

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22
Q

primary decision point
- “restriction point”

A

g1/s checkpoint

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23
Q

if cell receives “GO” signal, it _____

A

divides

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24
Q

internal signals: ______, ______

A

cell growth (size), cell nutrition

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25
Q

external signals: “____-______”

A

growth factors

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26
Q

if cell does not receives signal, it exits cycle & switches to _______________

A

G0 phase

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27
Q

non-dividing, working state

A

g0 phase

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28
Q

non-dividing, differentiated state

A

g0 phase

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29
Q

in G0, but can be “called back” to cell cycle by external cues

A

liver cells

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30
Q

highly specialized
- arrested in G0 & can never divide

A

nervous & muscle cells

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31
Q

chemical signals in cytoplasm give cue

A

activation of cell division

32
Q

signals usually mean proteins

A

activators , inhibitors

33
Q

internal signals
- “__________”
external signals
- “_________”

A

promoting factors

growth factors

34
Q

protein that regulate the metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis, subcellular trafficking, inflammation and other important physiological process.

A

phosporylation

35
Q

primary mechanism control

A

phosporylation
kinase enzymes
- either activates or inactivates cell signals

36
Q

checkpoints who

A

Leland H Hartwhell

37
Q

Cdks who

A

Tim Hunt

38
Q

cyclins who

A

Sir Paul Nurse

39
Q

Growth factors
Nutritional state of cell
Size of cell

A

Cdk/G1 cyclin

40
Q

Replication completed
DNA integrity

A

Cdk/G2 Cyclin (MPF)

41
Q

MPF

A

Mitosis Promoting Factor

42
Q

Chromosomes attached at metaphase plate

A

APC (spindle scheckpoint)

43
Q

APC

A

Anaphase Promoting Complex

44
Q

normal growth factor genes that become oncogenes (cancer-causing) when mutated

A

proto-oncogenes

45
Q

stimulates cell growth

A

proto-oncogenes

46
Q

if switched “ON” can cause cancer

A

proto-oncogenes

47
Q
  • example: RAS (activates cyclins)
A

proto-oncogenes

48
Q

inhibits cell division

A

tumor-supressor genes

49
Q

if switched “OFF” can cause cancer

A

tumor-suppressor genes

50
Q

example: p53

A

tumor suppressor genes

51
Q

_____ is essentially a failure of cell division control

A

Cancer

52
Q

unrestrained, uncontrolled cell growth

A

cancer

53
Q

gene ___ plays a key role in G1/S restriction point

A

p53

54
Q

____ protein halts cell division if it detects damaged DNA

A

p53

55
Q

ALL cancers have to shut down _____ activity

A

p53

56
Q

____ is the Cell Cycle Enforcer

A

p53`

57
Q

p53 discovered at Stony Brook by _________

A

Dr. Arnold Levine

58
Q

6 KEY MUTATION HITS

A

unlimited growth
ignore checkpoints
escape apoptosis
immortality which means unlimited divisions
promotes blood vessel growth
overcome anchor & density dependence

59
Q
  • turn on growth promoter genes
A

unlimited growth hit

60
Q
  • turn off tumor suppressor genes (p53)
A

ignore checkpoints hit

61
Q
  • turn off suicide genes
A

escape apoptosis hit

62
Q

turn on chromosome maintenance genes

A

immortality hit

63
Q

turn on blood vessel growth genes

A

promote blood b=vessel growth hit

64
Q

turn off touch-sensor gene

A

overcome anchor & density dependence

65
Q

What causes these “hits”?

A

UV radiation
chemical exposure
radiation exposure
heat
cigarette smoke
pollution
age
genetics

66
Q

abnormal cells remain at original site as a lump

A

benign tumor

67
Q

p53 has halted cell divisions

A

benign tumor

68
Q

most do not cause serious problems &
can be removed by surgery

A

benign tumor

69
Q

cells leave original site

A

malignant tumor

70
Q

lose attachment to nearby cells
- carried by blood & lymph system to other tissues

A

malignant tumor

71
Q

start more tumors

A

malignant tumor

72
Q

start more tumors

A

metastasis

73
Q

impair functions of organs throughout body

A

malignant tumors

74
Q
  • kills rapidly dividing cells
A

high-energy radiation

75
Q

stop DNA replication
- stop mitosis & cytokinesis
- stop blood vessel growth

A

chemotherapy

76
Q
A

Gen Bio 1 (8 decks)

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