Lesson 43

Question 1

δεῖ, δεήσει, ἐδέησε(ν), —, —, —

Answer 1

(+ gen.) there is need (of); (+ acc. & infin.) it is necessary (to), one must

Question 2

δοκέω, δόξω, ἔδοξα, —, δέδογμαι, ἐδόχθην

Answer 2

think; (+ complem. infin.) seem (to); (third-pers. sg. impersonal + subject infin.) it seems (to), it seems good (to)

Question 3

ἔξεστι(ν), ἐξέσται, —, —,—, —

Answer 3

(+ dat. & infin.) it is possible (to) Besides ἔξεστι and ἐξέσται, this impersonal verb occurs only in the third- person sg. imperfect (ἐξῆν), present subjunctive (ἐξῇ), future optative (ἐξέσοιτο), present infinitive (ἐξεῖναι), present participle (ἐξόν), future participle (ἐξεσόμενον), and present imperative (ἐξέστω).

Question 4

χρή

Answer 4

(indecl. noun) necessity; (+ understood ἐστί & acc. +
infin.) [there is] need (to), [it
is] necessary (to), one ought (to) Although it is actually a noun, χρή is virtually a verb because it never ap-
pears without a form of the verb “be” either implied or expressed. In fact,
χρή physically unites with the third-person forms of εἰμί to produce com-
posite words: imperfect (χρῆν or ἐχρῆν), future indicative (χρῆσται), pres-
ent subjunctive (χρῇ), present optative (χρείη), present infinitive (χρῆναι),
and an indeclinable participle (χρεών). In the present indicative χρή is
used by itself, with ἐστί merely understood.
χρή implies a moral obligation, while δεῖ and ἀνάγκη usually do not.

Question 5

ἀνάγκη, -ης, ἡ

Answer 5

necessity; (+ ἐστί & dat. or acc. + infin.) there is need (to), it is necessary (to), one must

Question 6

ἀρετή, -ῆς, ἡ

Answer 6

virtue, excellence

Question 7

πολίτης, -ου, ὁ

Answer 7

citizen [cf. political, politics]

Question 8

σχολή, -ῆς, ἡ

Answer 8

leisure, discussion, school;

σχολὴν ἄγειν = have leisure; σχολῇ = in a leisurely way, at one’s leisure [cf. scholastic, school]

Question 9

ἀναγκαῖος, -ᾱ, -ον

Answer 9

necessary

Question 10

πρίν

Answer 10

conj. + infin.) before; (conj. +

subjunctive + ἄν or + past tense of indicative) until