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Addictive Behaviours > Lesson 4 > Flashcards

Lesson 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Opioids

A

A broad group of pain relieving medicines that work with your brain cells.

Common drugs include:

  • Heroin, morphine,
    methadone, fentanyl, pain pills.

Effects:

  • Pain relief, euphoria, cough relief, suppressants, and sedation.

Withdrawal:

  • Results in depression, nausea, aches, and insomnia.

Not all opioids are created equal.

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2
Q

Three Types of Opioids

A
  • Natural Opioids
  • Semi-Synthetic Opioids
  • Fully Synthetic Opioids
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3
Q

Natural Opioids

A

Is a product that is found in the poppy plant (extracted and refined).

  • ex. codeine, heroine.
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4
Q

Semi-Synthetic Opioids

A

Created in a lab from a natural opiate.

  • ex. oxycontin, dilaudid, vicodin (with tylenol/acetaminophen).
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5
Q

Fully Synthetic Opioids

A

Made entirely in a lab.

  • ex. fentanyl, methadone.
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6
Q

Naloxone (Narcan)

A
  • Is an opioid antagonist.
  • Can temporarily reverse an opioid overdose.
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7
Q

Cannabis

A

Has both medical benefits and risks.

Suppresses REM sleep.

Effects:

  • Intense thoughts and feelings, relaxation and giddiness, increased heart rate, drowsiness, altered time/space perception, paranoia, increased appetite, and dry mouth.

Withdrawal:

  • Irritability, insomnia, restlessness.
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8
Q

Charlotte Figi

A
  • Had a rare form of epilepsy that is very extreme called “Dravet Syndrome”.
  • Found a weed plant with very low THC and very high TBD.
  • She took cannabidiol oil to prevent her seizures.
  • Inspired the name of the medical cannabis strain Charlotte’s Web.
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9
Q

Adulterants

A
  • The act of secretly mixing one substance with another.
  • A majority of molly or ecstasy doesn’t actually have MDMA in it.
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10
Q

MDMA

A

Also known as molly and ecstasy.

Effects:

  • An increase in euphoria, empathy, positive mood, and self-esteem.

Side Effects:

  • Dry mouth, thirst, and anxiety.

Withdrawal:

  • Fatigue, anxiety, mood swings, panic, headaches, and jaw aches.

Adulterants are a major concern.

Has some potential benefits:

  • Could be a form of treatment for PTSD.
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11
Q

Serotonin Syndrome

A

An overdose of serotonin.

  • MDMA largely increases serotonin in the body.

Can result in…

  • High body temperature, sweating, agitation, and anxiety.
  • Nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting.
  • Hypomania, hallucinations, and confusion.

If severe, this can result in seizures and/or commas.

  • Can also be fatal.
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12
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Also known as psychedelics.

Common Drugs:

  • Mushrooms, LSD, and mescaline/peyote, angel dust (PCP).

Effects:

  • Alters perception of sensory stimuli, panic attacks in some users.

Can result in flashbacks.

No tolerance and no withdrawals.

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13
Q

Stimulants

A

Known as “Uppers” that increase central nervous system (CNS) activity.

Common drugs:

  • Cocaine, methamphetamine, caffeine, nicotine

Increases:

  • One’s focus, mood, and arousal.

Decreases:

  • One’s need for/ability to sleep (insomnia), decreased appetite.

Results in:

  • Irritability, anxiety, hallucinations, and depression.
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14
Q

Cocaine

A
  • Known on the street as blow, coke, crack, rock, snow, etc.
  • Smoking it is the most addictive.
  • Results in one being alert, energetic, euphoric, or high.
  • Used as a treatment for depression and addiction in the 1880s.
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15
Q

Caffeine

A
  • The most widely used psychoactive drug worldwide.
  • Classified as a stimulus.
  • Works by inhibiting adenosine.
  • People are dependent on it, but not truly addicted.
  • Does not give you a huge dopamine kick because of the jittery effect.
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16
Q

Adenosine

A
  • A hormone that fluctuates throughout the day based on our circadian rhythms.
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17
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A
  • The law suggests that performance increases with mental arousal (stress) but only up to a point.
  • Relationship between stimulation and performance.
  • Optimal point of performance depends on the task.
18
Q

Cross-Tolerance

A

Accompanying tolerance to other drugs from the same pharmacological group.

  • ex. tolerance to alcohol results in tolerance to minor tranquillizers such as Xanax, even when the individuals have never used Xanax.
19
Q

Reverse Tolerance

A

A condition in which smaller quantities of a drug produce the same effects as did previous larger doses.

20
Q

Addictive Interactions

A

A form of drug interactions.

  • An interaction where the effects are the SUM of the true drugs.

Don’t want to mix because they are too similar.

  • ex. barbiturates + alcohol
21
Q

Antagonism

A

A form of drug interactions.

Combined effects of two drugs are LESS potent than individual effects of each.

22
Q

Synergistic Interactions

A

A form of drug interactions.

An interaction where the effects are GREATER than the sum of their parts.

  • ex. LSD + cannabis
23
Q

Oral Administration

A

A route of administration into the bloodstream.

Drugs must be able to be dissolved in the stomach acid.

  • Must be swallowed.

Takes 20 min to half an hour to activate.

24
Q

Inhalation

A

A route of administration into the bloodstream.

Second most fast acting form of administration.

  • ex. smoking, vaping, etc.
25
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

A route of administration into the bloodstream.

  • Dissolving in the mouth.
  • Snorting.

Does not go into the stomach because you don’t swallow.

26
Q

Skin

A

A route of administration into the bloodstream.

Topical creams, transdermal patches, etc.

Takes a lot longer, but is safer.

  • ex. nicotine pouch
27
Q

Rectal and/or Vaginal

A

A route of administration into the bloodstream.

Tissues in these parts of the body that absorb drugs and send them into your system

  • ex. butt-chugging
28
Q

Injection

A

The MOST fast acting form of administration to get drugs into the bloodstream.

Three forms:

  • Intravenous
  • Intramuscular
  • Subcutaneous
29
Q

Intravenous Injection

A
  • Most common form of injection.
  • Into or within the vain.
  • Fastest.
30
Q

Intramuscular Injection

A

Injecting into the muscles.

Occurs slower than in the vain.

  • ex. vaccines
31
Q

Subcutaneous Injection

A

Situated or applied under the skin (in fatty tissue).

  • ex. Insulin, hormones.
32
Q

Drug Routes of Elimination

A

Used for drug testing.

  • Kidneys (urine)
  • Lungs (breath)
  • Bile (stomach/bowels)
  • Skin (sweat)
  • Hair, breast milk, saliva
33
Q

Where do drugs act in the brain?

A
  • Acts most in the Limbic system.
  • Synapse
34
Q

Limbic System

A
  • A group of interconnected brain structures that help regulate your emotions and behaviour.
  • Where drugs act most in the brain.
35
Q

Synapse

A
  • The places where neurons connect and communicate with each other.
  • Drugs and toxins can alter neurotransmitter synthesis and packaging into synaptic vesicles.
  • Main aspect of drugs is reward.
36
Q

Set

A

Mindset

Expectations, thoughts, and moods.

  • Internal
37
Q

Setting

A

Environment

Social + Physical

  • External
38
Q

Set + Setting Influences on Effects and Risks

A

Factors that can alter the effect of drugs that are not related to the properties of the drug itself.

Resulting danger and effect is a result of the drug in question, the setting, and the set.

  • Drug + Set + Setting = Danger and effects
39
Q

Inhalants

A
  • Used to produce a high.

Common drugs:

  • Solvents, aerosol sprays, amyl nitrate, isobutyl, nitrous oxide.

Effects include:

  • Reduced inhibition, dizziness, slurred speech, impaired motor coordination; unconsciousness and death can occur.

Chronic Effects:

  • Damage to liver, kidneys, brain, and lungs

Overdose:

  • Hallucinations, muscle spasms, coma.

Tolerance:

  • Tolerance to nitrous oxide

Withdrawal:

  • No known withdrawal syndrome
39
Q

Central Nervous System Depressants

A

Medications or substances that slow brain activity,

Common drugs:

  • Sedative hypnotics, alcohol, tranquillizers, and barbiturates.

Effects include:

  • Relaxation, disinhibition, reduction of anxiety, impaired motor coordination.

Chronic Effects:

  • Alcohol: Damage to
    every organ system

Overdose:

  • Common with alcohol, can be dangerous, synergistic effect.

Tolerance:

  • Develops rapidly, cross- tolerance occurs.

Withdrawal:

  • Can be medically dangerous.

Addictive Behaviours (4 decks)

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