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Addictive Behaviours > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Drugs?

A

“A chemical substance that, when taken into the body, alters the structure or function of the body in some way.”

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2
Q

Is there a perfect definition to define what drugs are?

A
  • There is NO perfect definition.
  • The majority of definitions are not specific enough and leave important information out.
  • Distinctions are often drawn in terms of whether the substance in question has been intended to be used primarily as a way to induce physiological change.
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3
Q

Why do we use drugs?

A

Drugs offer relief from an unwanted condition.

  • ex. disease/illness, pain, stress, boredom, etc.
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4
Q

Tension Reduction Theory

A

Believe that one uses drugs to result in relief from tension and stress.

The more intense the stimulus is, the more intense the need to reduce it.

  • ex. “I use drugs to calm down, to help me think less.”
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5
Q

Trauma Theories

A

Psychological damage as a result of a distressing event.

Stress lies outside of one’s ability to cope.

Two main theories:

  • Trauma results in substance use.
  • Substance use increases the chances of experiencing a trauma.
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6
Q

Self Medication

A

Drugs can be used to medicate psychiatric disorders and painful emotions.

  • ex. cannabis is used for mood regulation by those with schizophrenia

Not good for the long term.

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7
Q

The Disease Model

A
  • Substance dependency is seen as an illness beyond the control of individuals.
  • Frames substance dependency to various medical causes.
  • Theory that is advocated for by Alcoholics Anonymous.
  • Foundation of 12 Step Programs.
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8
Q

Genetic Model

A

Addiction is developed as a result of the influence of both genetic and environmental factors.

How genetic factors contribute to individuals’ differences in substance use.

  • Twin Studies
  • Adoption Studies
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9
Q

Twin Studies

A

Studies that help assess genetic vs. environmental influences.

Involve examining the similarities and differences between identical (monozygotic) twins and fraternal (dizygotic) twins.

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10
Q

Twin Study Results

A

Based on the logic that since twins are born to the same parents at the same time, they are likely to experience very similar circumstances in terms of their family and upbringing.

Therefore, controlling for environmental effects to some degree.

  • ex. both having alcoholism is more likely for identical (MZ) twins then for fraternal (DZ) twins.
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11
Q

Adoption Studies

A

Research studies that compare an adopted person’s behaviour to both their biological and adoptive parents’ behaviour.

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12
Q

Adoption Study Results

A

Found that the risk factor remains whether raised by biological or adopted parents if biological parents have an addiction.

  • Supports genetics.
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13
Q

3 Temperaments (Cloninger)

A
  • Harm Avoidance
  • Reward Dependent
  • Novelty Seeking
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14
Q

The Self-Derogation Model

A

Links addiction with low self-esteem.

Drugs are used too…

  • MAXimize experiences that are POSITIVE to self-esteem.
  • MINimize experiences that are DAMAGING to self-esteem.
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15
Q

Personality Traits that are Linked with Substance Abuse

A

Impulsivity

Disinhibition

  • Can’t control responses.

Poor Self Content

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16
Q

Impulsivity + Disinhibition

A
  • Linked to substance abuse.
  • Common in kids whose parents have substance abuse problems.
  • Highest when a teen, which is when individuals are more likely to make bad choices.
17
Q

Poor Self Content

A
  • From within TO the outside world.
  • Struggle with self-identity.
  • Reduced ability to priorities, set and achieve goals, and to resolve conflicts.
  • Struggle with trust.
  • NOT a requirement for development of addiction.
18
Q

The Family Model

A

How family dynamics play a role in addiction.

Can be a result of…

  • Imbalance in parenting.
  • Marital troubles.
  • Modelling of substance use and behaviour.
  • Physical, sexual, and emotional abuse.

Shame, abandonment, and rejection.

19
Q

Development Model

A

Individuals are very vulnerable to substance abuse during adolescence.

PEACE:

  • Pressure
  • Escape
  • Availability
  • Curiosity
  • Emptiness
20
Q

Psychoanalytic Models

A

“Foundational idea that biologically determined unconscious forces drive human behaviour.”

Addiction is a disorder of control…

  • Drug as Power: getting high.
  • Drugs as Self Destruction: positive and potential view of death.
  • Seduction and Sexuality: aphrodisiac
21
Q

Nature Theories

A

Theories that contend that the desire to use psychoactive substances is an innate and universal drive in human beings analogous to the hunger or sex drive.

Drugs become a commonly used mechanism for achieving the goal of consciousness alteration.

  • Not because they are distinct in their capacity to alter consciousness, but because they offer a quick and convenient means to achieve this goal.
  • The drive to alter consciousness is argued to be present in all humans.
22
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

A sociological theory.

Suggests that social behaviour is learned by observing and imitating the behaviour of others.

Recognizes that whether or not the effects of a drug are viewed as enjoyable is at least partially dependent upon the learning process.

  • The messages that inform a person’s attitudes about the effects and desirability of drugs come from a variety of sources.
23
Q

Subcultural Theory

A

A sociological theory.

Suggests that social behaviour is learned by observing and imitating the behaviour of others.

Focus on the unique patterns of learning that occur within
subcultures.

  • Subcultures are created when individuals form a group in which they share values different from mainstream societal values.
24
Q

Social Control Theory

A

Proposes that people’s relationships, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs encourage them not to break the law.

  • Social Bonding Theory
25
Q

Social Bonding Theory

A

A social control theory.

Argues that people will engage in deviance such as drug use and abuse to the extent that their “bond to society is weak or broken”

The greater the number and strength of the ties that bind the individual to conventional society, the less likely it is that the individual will engage in deviance.

26
Q

Four Principles Elements that Constitute the Social Bond
(Social Bonding Theory)

A

Attachment

  • feelings of sentiment and affection for
    others

Commitment

  • the extent to which a person is invested in society in terms of educational attainment, occupational advancement, wealth, and the like.

Involvement

  • the amount of time a person spends engaged in conventional activities

Belief

  • the extent to which a person holds and endorses conventional rules and norms in society
27
Q

Anomie vs. Strain Theory

A

Both are theories that believe that when societies are characterized by an imbalance in their social order it creates conditions favourable to crime and deviance such as substance use.

Anomie:

  • Is a feeling of ‘normlessness’ and claim that society’s rules are what cause people to commit deviant actions.

Strain Theory:

  • States that we are taught to follow traditional goals; like having a good job, getting married, and owning a home.
28
Q

Anomie Theory

A

Robert Merton (1938,1957)

Proposed that a difference between valued goals, most notably monetary success, and the legitimate means to achieve these goals would create strain.

  • People would be forced to alleviate this strain by “adapting” in a variety of ways.

Has had tremendous influence on the study of deviance.

People use drugs as a form of “retreatism”.

29
Q

General Strain Theory

A

The experience of strain or stress tends to generate negative emotions.

  • The use of substances is particularly effective at managing strain because it functions to minimize strain-related distress, alleviate depression and despair, and produce positive emotions.
30
Q

Social Control Theory

A
  • Assume that the existing social order is not a product
    of consensus and mutual benefit but rather a function of power differentials in society.
  • Some laws and policies may benefit those in power to the detriment of the powerless.
  • The consequences of drug policies fall much more
    heavily on the minority population, even though drug use is universal.

Addictive Behaviours (4 decks)

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