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Addictive Behaviours > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Perspectives of Drug Use

A
  • Moral-Legal Perspective
  • Medical-Health Perspective
  • Psychosocial Perspective
  • Sociocultural Perspective
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2
Q

Moral-Legal Perspective

A

The perspective of law enforcement and the criminal justice system on drug use.

Goal:

  • Keep people and drugs away from each other.
  • Decrease availability + Increase Punishment.

A perfect system would mean complete deterrence.

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3
Q

Medical Health Perspective

A

The perspective that is most commonly held by physicians + health care providers.

Goal:

  • Treatment for physical effects of drug abuse, dependence, and addiction.

Provides information that drugs are harmful to one’s health.

  • Believe that everyone wants to be healthy.
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4
Q

Psychosocial Perspective

A

The perspective that is most commonly held by mental health professionals.

Goal:

  • Address the demand (those who are addicted to drugs).

Early Intervention for teens and youth.

Focus on helping those who are addicted go through recovery.

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5
Q

Sociocultural Perspective

A

The perspective held by social agencies and institutions.

Goal:

  • Focus on adapting the environment to cater to the individual.

Assume that drug use is a result of dissatisfaction with life/environment.

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6
Q

What is the most dangerous drug?

A

Alcohol

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7
Q

The Prohibition (USA)

A

A nationwide ban on the sale and import of alcoholic beverages that lasted from 1920 to 1933.

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8
Q

The Prohibition Timeline (USA)

A

1820s:

  • Temperance Movement formed
  • Promoted moderation.

1850s-1890s:

  • Individual states began to enact Prohibition Laws.

1919:

  • 18th Amendment

1920s:

  • Rise of Bootleggers and Speakeasies.

1933:

  • 21st Amendment
    “Repeal of Prohibition”
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9
Q

18th Amendment

A
  • Established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States.
  • Banned the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcohol.
  • However, people could still consume the alcohol they currently owned.
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10
Q

Bootleggers

A
  • Individuals who make and or sell illegal alcohol.
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11
Q

Speakeasies

A
  • Location where alcohol is sold illegally.
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12
Q

21st Amendment

A
  • 1933
  • “Repeal of Prohibition”
  • Got rid of the 18th amendment.
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13
Q

Opium + Drugs Act (1908)

A
  • Opium was the only substance of concern.
  • Made it an indictable offence to import, manufacture, possess, or sell opium for purposes other than medicinal use.
  • Violations were treated as criminal infractions (max 3 years of jail time and up to $1,000 fine).
  • The conditions that led to the passing of this act were deep-rooted and colonization and racism.
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14
Q

Proprietary of Patent Medicine Act (1908)

A
  • This legislation prohibited the use of medicinal cocaine, limited the amount of alcohol that could be contained in medicinal preparations, and required pharmaceutical
    companies to label ingredients if heroin, morphine, or opium was used.
  • Violations will result in potentially losing medical licence, max fine of $100, and max jail time of 12 months.
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15
Q

The Opium + Drug Act (1911)

A
  • The Opium Act was very limited in its scope and was overall ineffective in curbing smuggling between provinces and across national borders.
  • This new act attempted to address these emergent issues and the shortcomings of the 1908 act by extending the focus of the legislation to include opium, cocaine, and derivatives of these substances.
  • Carries less severe penalties.
  • The first drug prohibition in Canada.
  • Saw drug use as a criminal act as opposed to a medical or social issue.
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16
Q

The Opium + Narcotic Drug Act (1929)

A

By the end of the 1920s, the drug laws shifted towards an even more punitive stance against drugs and drug users, further criminalizing this behaviour.

  • Established harsher penalties for drug users.
17
Q

The Narcotic Control Act (1961)

A
  • Become the primary instrument of Canadian drug control for over 35 years.
  • Provided safe, monitored access to specific drugs for those who need it for medical reasons.
18
Q

Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (1996)

A
  • The Act was established by the UN and others.
  • Lists drugs that need to be controlled.
  • Approach to dealing with drugs
19
Q

Schedule I (Controlled Drugs + Substance Act)

A

Lists drugs that have HIGH ABUSE potential and have a LACK of SAFTEY for use.

A prescription is required to acquire drugs and must be purchased and sold in a regulated environment (illegal otherwise).

  • ex. codeine, morphine, heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone cocaine, phencyclidine (PCP), methamphetamine, amphetamines, ecstasy, MDMA.
20
Q

Schedule II (Controlled Drugs + Substance Act)

A
  • Lists drugs that have HIGH ABUSE potential and that may lead to severe psychological or physical DEPENDENCE.
  • Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists.
21
Q

Schedule III (Controlled Drugs + Substance Act)

A

MODERATE potential for abuse and/or physical or psychological dependence.

May pose risks for at-risk populations.

  • ex. LSD, methylphenidate (ritalin), psilocin, psilocybin (mushrooms), mescaline, methaqualone (quaaludes).
22
Q

Schedule IV (Controlled Drugs + Substance Act)

A

LOW ABUSE + LOW RISK potential.

Used for a variety of medical purposes.

  • ex. barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and anabolic steroids.
23
Q

Unscheduled Drugs (Controlled Drugs + Substance Act)

A
  • Sold without supervision of a medical professional.
  • Includes labelling for safe use.
  • Can be purchased in stores.
  • Individuals make their own decisions.
  • ex. painkillers, stomach upset, nasal sprays, antihistamines, etc.
  • ex. nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis.
24
Q

Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations (2013) (MMPR)

A
  • Created conditions for a commercial industry responsible for the production and distribution of marijuana for medical purposes.
  • Had to purchase the medicine
    from government-licensed producers.
25
Q

Access to Cannabis for Medical Purposes Regulation (2016)

A
  • Allows people who have been granted permission by a licensed doctor to produce a limited amount of cannabis for their own consumption.
  • This legislation is a temporary solution to the limitations of the MMPR, until the government’s formal legislation to legalize and regulate cannabis is enacted in 2018.
26
Q

A Framework for the Legalization + Regulation of Cannabis in Canada (2016)

A

A multidisciplinary task force.

  • The objective of this task force was to investigate the multitude of positions on cannabis and propose an evidence informed framework for Canada to legalize and regulate cannabis

The task force’s
recommendations focused on
five thematic areas:

  • minimizing harms of use
  • establishing a safe and responsible supply chain
  • enforcing public safety and protection
  • medical access
  • implementation
27
Q

The Legalization of Cannabis in Canada (2018)

A
  • Cannabis was legalized on October 17th, 2018.
  • People 19+ can buy, use, and grow recreational cannabis.
  • Cannabis has many rules that are similar to alcohol consumption.
  • It was legalized with the goal of putting an end to the illegal drug trade and to reduce the risks of people consuming dangerous, laced, cannabis.
  • It is believed that cannabis use has increased with the legalization of the drug.
28
Q

The Opioid Crisis in Canada

A
  • 1 in 8 Canadians have a close family member who has been dependent or addicted to opioids.
  • 19,355 Canadians died from opioid overdose from Jan 2016-Sep 2020.
  • From 2012 to 2017, opioid hospitalization rates increased by 27%.
  • Opioid death increased by 74% in the first six months of the covid pandemic.
29
Q

What year did Portugal decriminalize drugs?

A

2001

30
Q

Decriminalization

A
  • The fact of changing the law so that something is no longer a crime.
31
Q

Pros of Decriminalization

A
  • Minimising harm.
  • Encourage responsible use.
  • Allows for regulation of production and sale of drugs and alcohol.
  • Set boundaries.
  • Profits (taxes) from sales become public funds, instead of funding organized crime.
  • Increase awareness
32
Q

Cons of Decriminalization

A
  • Increase easy access.
  • Makes drugs cheaper.
  • Makes use “acceptable”.
  • Advertising.
  • Legal drugs for adults only is impossible.
33
Q

The War on Drugs

A
  • The prohibition of drugs and military intervention.
  • GOAL is to stop the illegal drug trade.
  • Racism in the justice system strongly affects the war on drugs.
  • The war on drugs was declared a failure in 2011.
34
Q

The Drug Paradox

A

A paradox is defined as something that seemingly contradicts itself but can still be true.

This captures the essence of psychoactive drugs, their use, and the perception of their use in Canada.

  • There is a generally held view among the public and policy-makers alike that illegal drugs result in more addiction-related issues and criminal activity, while
    the evidence clearly indicates the opposite.
  • Licit drugs account for a greater number of physical harms, including deaths annually, than illicit drugs, yet there remains a greater emphasis on addressing
    illicit drug use.
  • Factors that determine if a drug is licit versus illicit are more socially than biologically defined.
  • With more knowledge about drugs currently available than ever before, anti-drug messages continue to be primarily morally based rather than scientifically
    grounded.
  • Canada is a leader in public health policy and practices, yet drug use remains stigmatized and criminalized.
  • Distinct biological, psychological, and sociological knowledge exists, yet rather
    than integrating them, these fields tend to battle to define addiction through their
    own unidimensional lens.
  • Both moral and medical models of addiction persist in society, yet the two models are at odds with one another, yielding confusion and contradictions when people try to discuss and understand the “causes” of addiction.
35
Q

Illicit Drugs

A
  • Illegal
36
Q

Licit Drugs

A
  • Not illegal

Addictive Behaviours (4 decks)

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