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Bacte > Lesson 4 > Flashcards

Lesson 4 Flashcards

1
Q

specimen should be collected from the __________ of infection

A

actual site

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2
Q

in specimen collection, you need to _______ from adjacent tissues/skin

A

avoid contamination

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3
Q

the quantity of specimen must be _____ in specimen collection

A

adequate

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4
Q

observe __________ and use only _________ containers/tubes/syringes/swabs

A

aseptic technique
sterile

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5
Q

in specimen collection, ______ transport of specimen to the laboratory is needed

A

prompt

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6
Q

samples must be taken/collected prior to _____________

A

antibiotic administration

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7
Q

in specimen collection, you need to consider the __________ and ________ of the disease

A

clinical history
physiology

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8
Q

the time from collecting to plating the specimen should be kept in ___________

A

minimum

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9
Q

the golden rule in specimen collection is?

A

proper labelling

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10
Q

what are the specific sites for specimen collection?

A
  1. respiratory tract
  2. gastrointestinal tract
  3. urine
  4. blood
  5. cerebrospinal fluid
  6. wound culture and abscesses
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11
Q

what is the specimen of choice for lower respiratory tract?

A

sputum

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12
Q

specimen requirements for specimen collection in respiratory tract includes:

A

throat cultures
nasopharyngeal cultures
oral cavity

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13
Q

the quality of sputum samplkes is determined by the minimum number of ______________ and ______________ per low power field

A

squamous epithelial cells
polymorphonuclear leukocytes

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14
Q

quality sputum sample:

PMNs _____________
Epithelial cell ____________

A

> 25/lpf
<10/lpf

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15
Q

thick and sticky substance

A

sputum

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16
Q

thin and watery substance

A

saliva

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17
Q

specimens are collected in the gastrointestinal tract for culture to diagnose ______________

A

gastroenteritis

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18
Q

when collecting specimen in the gastrointestinal tract, _____________ specimen are preferred over _________

A

stool
rectal swab

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19
Q

what should be used to enhance the growth of the pathogen, while inhibiting normal flora?

A

enrichment media

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20
Q

this specimen is requested to diagnose UTI

A

urine

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21
Q

specimen of choice for urines is?

A

clean catch midstream specimen

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22
Q

if patient cannot void, we usually use _________

A

catheterized specimen

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23
Q

for infants and young children, we use ________ in collecting urine specimen

A

suprapubic aspiration

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24
Q

_______should be performed in all urine samples

A

colony count

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25
Q

a positive urine culture is ___________

A

> 100,000 CFUs/mL

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26
Q

it is the presence of bacteria in the blood

A

bacteremia

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27
Q

it is the normal flora in the blood

A

transient bacteremia

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28
Q

it is sporadically discharged from extravascular abscesses into the blood

A

intermittent bacteremia

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29
Q

it is the constant release of bacteria into the blood

A

continuous bacteremia

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30
Q

when is the highest concentration of bacteria in the blood?

A

before the fever spikes

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31
Q

for venipuncture if 2 to 3 sites, there should be _________ apart in between

A

1 hour

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32
Q

what are used in cleaning the skin prior for collection of blood, under 1 min.?

A

70% alcohol
2% iodine

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33
Q

__________ of blood is collected from adults during phlebotomy and ________ from children

A

10 mL
1-5 mL

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34
Q

it is collected by lumbar puncture

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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35
Q

what are the specific vertebraes where we collect the CSF?

A

3rd - 4th lumbar vertebrae

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36
Q

there are 3 tubes in collecting CSF:

TT1
TT2
TT3

What are they for?

A

chemistry/immunology
microbiology
hematology

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37
Q

specimen should be screened __________ for the presence of bacteria using Gram stain

A

immediately

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38
Q

delays must be avoided in processing CSF result to avoid ____________

A

high mortality

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39
Q

it is generally preferred to collect wound culture and abscess specimens using _____ and ______ to aspirate

A

syringe
needle

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40
Q

syringe and needles are used for wound culture and abscess to avoid _____ and high chance of ________

A

necrotizing fasciitis
anaerobes

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41
Q

it is the result from animal bites, burns, ulcer, and traumatic wound

A

exogenous wound

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42
Q

it is the bacterial sources within the patient like cellulitis, dental infections, septic arthritis

A

endogenous wound

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43
Q

in specimen transport, we should avoid:

A

exposure to heat
drying
cold temperature

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44
Q

with delay, use ______ to increase the viability of the pathogen up to 72 hours and refrigerate the specimen

A

Stuart’s medium

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45
Q

it is more preferred than cotton swab

A

Ca-Alginate or Dacron swab

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46
Q

when specimen is not collected properly or accordingly, you should________

A

notify physician or nurse

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47
Q

upon the receipt of the specimen in the lab, ________ should be done

A

gross examination

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48
Q

for anaerobic culture, make sure to use _______________

A

anaerobic transport medium

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49
Q

specimen is mixed with saline then view under the microscope

A

saline mount

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50
Q

it dissolves keratin to make fungal elements more visible

A

KOH preparation

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51
Q

it is used to detect capsules

A

India ink

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52
Q

is is the capsular swelling, it detects capsular Ag

A

Neufeld (quelling) reaction

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53
Q

principles of staining technique

A

fixation
primary stain
mordant
decolorizing agent
counter stain

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54
Q

primary stain

A

crystal violet

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55
Q

mordant

A

iodine

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56
Q

decolorizing agent

A

alcohol/acetone

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57
Q

counter stain

A

safranin

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58
Q

it is used to stain mycobacteria

A

acid fast stain

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59
Q

these bacteria have thick and waxy walls

A

mycobacteria

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60
Q

it is called acid fast because it resist ________ by acid-alcohol

A

decolorizing

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61
Q

acid fast stain hot method

A

Ziehl Neelsen

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62
Q

acid fast stain cold method

A

kinyoun

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63
Q

what are the fluorescent stains?

A

rhodamine stains
acridine orange
calcofluor white

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64
Q

it stains mycobacteria

A

rhodamine stains

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65
Q

it is useful to demonstrate small amount of bacteria in blood cultures, CSF, urthral smears

A

acridine orange

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66
Q

this stain is used for fungi

A

calcofluor white

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67
Q

it is the mixture of nutrient by microorganisms

A

culture media

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68
Q

this contains energy proving source like carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, PO4, oxygen, buffers, CHO, amino acids

A

culture media

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69
Q

culture media may also contain _____________

A

antibiotics

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70
Q

it is a culture media in liquid form

A

broth

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71
Q

media in gel/semi-solid form

A

agar

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72
Q

agar is solidified by using _______________ also known as (agar agar)

A

red algae

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73
Q

types of culture media

A
  1. general isolation media (basic media)
  2. non selective isolation media (enriched media)
  3. differential media (indicator media)
  4. enrichment broth
  5. selective media
  6. antibiotic media
  7. transport media
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74
Q

it is also known as supportive media

A

general isolation media (basic media)

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75
Q

it support the growth of non fastidious bacteria

A

general isolation media (basic media)

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76
Q

examples of general isolation media

A

nutrient agar
trypticase soy agar
nutrient broth

77
Q

it contains a nutrient supplement like blood, serum, egg

A

non selective isolation media (enriched media)

78
Q

it is used for cultivation of FASTIDIOUS BACTERIA

A

non selective isolation bacteria (enriched media)

79
Q

is is used for culturing sterile body fluids

A

non selective isolation media (enriched media)

80
Q

examples of non selective isolation media

A

sheep blood agar
chocolate agar

81
Q

this is an example of non selective isolation media with 5% defibrinated sheep RBC

A

sheep blood agar

82
Q

this is an example of non selective isolation media which is heated or enzyme treated blood agar.

A

chocolate agar

83
Q

this agar is enriched with dextrose, cysteine, vitamin b, ferric nitrate

A

chocolate agar

84
Q

this agar supports the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae

A

chocolate agar

85
Q

this provide distinct appearances of microorganisms to aid in their Identification

A

differential media (indicator media)

86
Q

this media is mostly used to isolate Gr(-) bacteria through the addition of inhibitory agents against Gr(+) bacteria

A

differential media (indicator media)

87
Q

This media maybe added with indicators that change color when acid is produced for fermentation of carbohydrates (CHO)

A

differential media (indicator media)

88
Q

examples of differential media

A

MacConkey agar
Eosin-Methylene Blue (EMB)

89
Q

this agar contains lactose, bile salts, red indicator, and crystal violet

A

MacConkey agar

90
Q

this agar contains lactose, eosin, and methylene blue

A

eosin-methylene blue (EMB)

91
Q

MacConkey Agar is for?

A

isolation for Gr (-) Enteric Bacilli

92
Q

MacConkey Agar inhibitor for Gr (+)

A

crystal violet, bile salts

93
Q

MacConkey Agar carbohydrates (CHO)

A

lactose

94
Q

MacConkey Agar pH indicator

A

neutral red

95
Q

MacConkey Agar
acid =
alkaline =

A

red
yellow

96
Q

MacConkey Agar lactose fermenter =

A

pink to red

97
Q

MacConkey Agar non lactose fermenter =

A

colorless

98
Q

Eosin Methylene Blue is for?

A

isolation of Gr (-) enteric bacilli

99
Q

Eosin Methylene Blue CHO =

A

lactose

100
Q

Eosin Methylene Blue lactose fermenter =

A

pink-purple colonies

101
Q

Eosin Methylene Blue non lactose =

A

colorless

102
Q

Eosin Methylene Blue Escherichia coli

A

pink-purple with green metallic sheen

103
Q

Eosin Methylene Blue
Klebsiella

A

pink mucoid colonies

104
Q

Eosin Methylene Blue Enterobacter

A

pink colonies with dark center (fish eye colonies)

105
Q

Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts (TCBS) is for?

A

isolation and differentiation of Vibrio species

106
Q

Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts (TCBS)
CHO =

A

sucrose

107
Q

Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts (TCBS)
pH indicator =

A

Bromthymol Blue

108
Q

Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts (TCBS)
acid=
alkaline=

A

yellow
green

109
Q

Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts (TCBS)
spore forming (SF) =

A

Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio alginolyticus

110
Q

Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts (TCBS)
non-spore forming (NSF) =

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

111
Q

it is used to enhance the growth of the bacteria needed

A

enrichment broth

112
Q

it is used frequently for stool specimens to inhibit the normal flora bacteria (Escherichia coli)

A

enrichment broth

113
Q

examples of enrichment broth

A

Gram Negative broth
Selenite broth
Tetrathionate broth
Thioglycolate broth

114
Q

Enrichment broth that contains bile salts

A

Gram Negative broth

115
Q

Enrichment broth that contains Na-H-Selenite and used as isolation for Shigella

A

Selenite Broth

116
Q

contains bile salts and is used for the isolation of Shigella and Salmonella

A

Tetrathionate broth

117
Q

Enrichment broth that contains thioglycolic acid and nutrients that isolates aerobes and anaerobes

A

Thioglycolate broth

118
Q

Solid media that allow one to select for pathogens through the inhibition of normal flora

A

selective media

119
Q

it selectively favors the growth of a wanted bacteria and inhibit those unwanted

A

selective media

120
Q

it is used for culturing specimen from a site having a normal microbial normal flora to prevent unwanted contaminant overgrowing a pathogen

A

selective media

121
Q

it contains salts, CHO, pH indicator, Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) indicator, nutrients

A

selective media

122
Q

examples of selective media

A

Hektoen Enteric agar
Salmonella-Shigella agar
Xylose-Lysine-deoxycholate agar

123
Q

it selectively inhibit Gr(+) and Gr(-) bacteria and permit isolation of stool pathogens

A

Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar

124
Q

it also permits growth of Hydrogen sulfide producing bacteria

A

Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar

125
Q

Hektoen Enteric agar is for?

A

isolation of Gr(-) Enteric Bacilli

126
Q

Hektoen Enteric agar inhibitor for Gr(+) =

A

bile salts

127
Q

Hektoen Enteric agar CHO=

A

lactose, sucrose, salicin

128
Q

Hektoen Enteric agar pH indicator=

A

Bromthymol blue

129
Q

Hektoen Enteric agar
acid=
alkaline=

A

yellow
green/blue

130
Q

Hektoen Enteric agar
H2S indicator =

A

Ferric-NH4-SO4 (black)

131
Q

Hektoen Enteric agar
Lactose Fermenters, H2S (-) =

A

yellow w/o black center

132
Q

Hektoen Enteric agar
Lactose Fermenters, H2S (+) =

A

yellow w/ black center

133
Q

Hektoen Enteric agar
non LF, H2S (-) =

A
134
Q

Hektoen Enteric agar
non LF, H2S (+) =

A
135
Q

Salmonella-Shigella agar is for?

A

isolation of Salmonella and Shigella

136
Q

Salmonella-Shigella agar
CHO=

A

lactose

137
Q

Salmonella-Shigella agar
pH indicator=

A

neutral red

138
Q

Salmonella-Shigella agar
acid=
alkaline=

A

red yellow

139
Q

Salmonella-Shigella agar
H2S indicator=

A

ferric citrate

140
Q

Salmonella-Shigella agar
Salmonella (non LF)=

A

colorless with black center

141
Q

Salmonella-Shigella agar
Shigella (non LF)=

A

colorless w/o black center

142
Q

agar that is added with antibiotics to selective for certain group of bacteria

A

antibiotic agar

143
Q

examples of antibiotic agar

A
  1. Colistin-Nalidixic Acid (CNA)
  2. Thayer Martin Agar
  3. Modified Thayer Martin (MTM)
  4. Martin-Lewis medium
  5. New York City Agar
144
Q

an antibiotic agar used for isolation of gram positive bacteria. it is a blood agar with colistin and Nalidixic acid

A

Colistin-Nalidixic Acid (CNA)

145
Q

in Colistin-Nalidixic Acid, it disrupts cell membrane, and inhibits other gram negative bacteria

A

colistin

146
Q

in colistin-Nalidixic acid, this blocks DNA replication

A

Nalidixic acid

147
Q

a type of antibiotic agar that is selective for Neisseria. It is a chocolate agar with Vancomycin, Colistin, and Nystatin

A

Thayer Martin Agar

148
Q

in Thayer Martin Agar this inhibits other gram positive bacteria

A

vancomycin

149
Q

in Thayer Martin Agar this inhibits growth of yeast

A

nystatin

150
Q

it is a type of antibiotic agar which isolates Neisseria. it is a chocolate agar with Vancomycin, Colistin, Nystatin, Trimethoprim lactate

A

Modified Thayer Martin (MTM)

151
Q

in Modified Thayer Martin (MTM) this inhibits swarming of Proteus

A

Trimethoprim lactate

152
Q

a type of antibiotic agar that is for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. it is composed of vancomycin, colistin, trimethoprim lactate, and anisomycin

A

Martin-Lewis medium

153
Q

in Martin-Lewis medium this inhibits fungal growth

A

anisomycin

154
Q

it is a type of antibiotic agar that is for Neisseria. It is composed of vancomycin, colistin, trimethoprim lactate, and amphotericin B

A

New York City Agar

155
Q

in New York City Agar this prevent fungal growth

A

Amphotericin B

156
Q

most preferred mesophilic incubation

A

30-45 degrees C

157
Q

most incubators are set @ ________ which is preferred by moist human internal pathogens

A

35 degrees C

158
Q

incubation of thermophiles is

A

.>40 C

159
Q

incubation of Psychrophiles is

A

4-20 C

160
Q

bacteria with oxygen requirement for incubation

A

obligate aerobes

161
Q

bacteria that can multiply with/without oxygen

A

facultative anaerobes

162
Q

bacteria that can strictly grow in anaerobic environment

A

obligate anaerobes

163
Q

bacteria that can grow with 5-10% carbon dioxide with small oxygen

A

capnophilic

164
Q

culture media should be incubated for at least _______

A

24 hours

165
Q

if no growth after 24 hours, it should be

A

reincubated for another 24 hours

166
Q

anaerobic culture takes _______ days

A

3-6

167
Q

for slow growing bacteria, it takes at least _______ hours

A

48

168
Q

this are bioanalytical methods in which the quantitation of the analyte depends on the reaction of an antigen (analyte) and an antibody

A

immunoassay

169
Q

Immunoassay that rely on the ability of an antibody to recognize and bind a specific macromolecules in what might be a complex mixture of macromolecules

A

Immune complex

170
Q

examples of immunoassay are:

A

Widal test
Weil Felix Test

171
Q

a process in immunology and microbiology where the clumping or aggregation of particles, typically cells or antigens, occurs due to the specific interaction between antibodies and their corresponding antigens.

A

active agglutination

172
Q

employs carrier particles that are coated with soluble antigens. In this either antibody or antigen is attached to certain inert carrier thereby, particles or cells gets agglutinated when corresponding antigen or antibody reacts.

A

passive agglutination

173
Q

measure the presence of specific antibodies in the sera that inhibit virus-mediated agglutination of erythrocytes.

A

agglutination inhibition

174
Q

solid-phase type of enzyme immunoassay to detect the presence of a ligand in a liquid sample using antibodies against the ligand to be measured

A

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent
Assay (ELISA)

175
Q

it detects and counts certain antibodies, antigens, proteins, and hormones in bodily fluid sample

A

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

176
Q

technique used to identify the presence of viral or bacterial antigens and antibodies in a given sample by using a specific dye/fluorescent label which will make the targeted antibodies appear fluorescent

A

immunofluorescence

177
Q

immunofluorescence dyes:

A

fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)
rhodamine
phycoerythrin

178
Q

sophisticated laboratory procedures and techniques which utilizes DNA, RNA, proteins, and a genetic code to identify various microorganisms based on their genetic information

A

molecular diagnostics

179
Q

it employs hybridization

A

molecular diagnostics

180
Q

some methods of molecular diagnostics that is used in microbiology laboratory

A
  1. BLOTS - Western, Southern, Northern
  2. Polymerase Chain Reaction
181
Q

it is used to identify proteins and nucleic acid sequences

A

blots

182
Q

after isolation the target protein, it transfer to the membrane. what is it?

A

blots

183
Q

target molecule of Southern blotting

A

DNA

184
Q

target molecule of Western blotting

A

Protein

185
Q

target molecule of Northern blotting

A

RNA

186
Q

a nuclei acid amplification testing procedure that consists of denaturing, renaturing, elongating. and amplifying a short segment of DNA or RNA

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

187
Q

it is used to make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample rapidly, amplifying a very small sample of DNA sufficiently to enable detailed study

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

188
Q

it is extremely sensitive and less labor intensive than blotting techniques

A

Polymerase chain Reaction

Bacte (4 decks)

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