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Bacte > Lesson 3 > Flashcards

Lesson 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms

A

Genetics

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2
Q

Study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms

A

Genetics

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3
Q

Also called as inheritance

A

Heredity

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4
Q

Passing of traits form parents to their offspring either through asexual or sexual reproduction

A

Heredity

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5
Q

It is the genetic information

A

Genotype

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6
Q

It is the observable traits

A

Phenotype

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7
Q

It is the package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism

A

Chromosome

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8
Q

The molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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9
Q

It is the basic building block of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotide

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10
Q

Nucleotide is made up of?

A

Nitrogen base
Sugar molecule
PO4 group

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11
Q

It is the basic unit of heredity

A

Genes

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12
Q

It is the sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA

A

Genes

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13
Q

How do human cells multiply and replicate?

A

Through meiosis and mitosis

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14
Q

It is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes

A

Meiosis

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15
Q

What is the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division?

A

Mitosis

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16
Q

How do bacteria replicate and multiply?

A

Through Binary fission

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17
Q

DNA traits are expressed through the process of _________

A

gene expression

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18
Q

gene expression happens when the genes are transcribed into _____ and then translated into _______, where it determine the physical and functional traits of an organism.

A

RNA
Proteins

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19
Q

It is a haploid genome, which has a single set of chromosomes

A

Bacterial chromosome

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20
Q

It is a single, and circular double stranded DNA (ssDNA)

A

Bacterial chromosome

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21
Q

It carries the genetic information needed for reproduction

A

Bacterial chromosome

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22
Q

It is extra chromosomal, and is a self-replicating gene elements

A

Plasmids

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23
Q

Plasmids are _______ than bacterial chromosomes

A

Smaller

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24
Q

Plasmids are ____ essential

A

Non

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25
Q

Plasmids control what?

A

Antibiotic resistance
Production of toxins
Synthesis of bacterial virulence factor

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26
Q

It is also known as Phage?

A

bacteriophage

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27
Q

what are the viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells?

A

bacteriophage

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28
Q

It consists principally of proteins plus nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, but not both)

A

bacteriophage

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29
Q

It consists of double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, or RNA

A

bacteriophage

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30
Q

It encodes functions required for replication in bacteria?

A

bacteriophage

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31
Q

bacteriophage enhances bacterial pathogenicity by:

A
  1. transferring genes virulence factors
  2. duplicating the virulence factors
  3. changing the regulatory sequences controlling bacterial virulence genes
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32
Q

The three main ways bacteria exchange genetic information are:

A
  1. transformation
  2. transduction
  3. conjugation
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33
Q

It is a direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material from its surrounding

A

transformation

34
Q

what is the process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material from the environment?

A

transformation

35
Q

the process of gene transfer by ________ does not require a living donor cell but only requires the presence of persistent DNA in the environment

A

transformation

36
Q

The pre-requisite for bacteria to undergo transformation is its ability to take up free, extra cellular genetic material, which is also termed as “_____________”

A

competent cells

37
Q

It is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another

A

transduction

38
Q

bacteriophage is an example of this way for genetic expression

A

transduction

39
Q

What is the transfer of genetic material between cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells?

A

conjugation

40
Q

what does take place through a pilus?

A

conjugation

41
Q

it is a parasexual mode of reproduction in bacteria

A

conjugation

42
Q

it is the change in the nucleotide sequence and can create new cellulae functionalities or lead to the dysfunction of others

A

bacterial mutation

43
Q

it occurs spontaneously or by exposure to mutation-inducing agents

A

bacterial mutation

44
Q

it is the result of errors during DNA replication

A

bacterial mutation

45
Q

what are the 3 genetic outcomes in bacterial mutation??

A
  1. silent mutation
  2. missense mutation
  3. nonsense mutation
46
Q

the mutation changes the original codon into another codon that codes for the same amino acid

A

silent mutation

47
Q

It is when a mutation in the sequence causes a codon to code for a different amino acid

A

missense mutation

48
Q

it is when a mutant stop codon replaces a wild-type codon, terminating translation resulting in a shortened protein.

A

nonsense mutation

49
Q

what are the 3 types of mutagens?

A
  1. physical
  2. chemical
  3. biological
50
Q

what are the examples of physical mutagens?

A
  1. UV
  2. Radiation
51
Q

what are the examples of chemical mutagens?

A

reactive oxygen species
alkylating agents

52
Q

what are the examples of biological mutagens?

A

transposons (bet species)

53
Q

it defines the shape of the bacteria

A

bacterial cell wall

54
Q

some components responsible for pathogenicity in the bacterial cell wall are:

A

M protein
mycolic acid

55
Q

what is the main constituent of bacterial cell wall?

A

peptidoglycan

56
Q

it is part of Gram stain reaction

A

bacterial cell wall

57
Q

which bacterial cell wall has lipopolysaccharides as its outer membrane?

A

gram-negative bacteria

58
Q

which bacterial cell wall has 4 layers of peptidoglycan?

A

gram-positive bacteria

59
Q

what is the fluid phospholipid bilayer that encloses the bacterial cytoplasm?

A

cytoplasmic membrane

60
Q

it is a selectively permeable membrane

A

cytoplasmic membrane

61
Q

it is a site of energy production

A

cytoplasmic membrane

62
Q

it is dormant, tough and non-reproductive structure by the bacteria during unfavorable conditions

A

endospores

63
Q

it is the resting cell, resistant to high temperature, desiccant and chemical agents

A

endospores

64
Q

endospores are composed of:

A

calcium
dipicolinic acid

65
Q

it increase in virulence by preventing phagocytosis

A

capsule

66
Q

____________________________ is the process by which certain cells, like white blood cells, engulf and digest large particles, such as bacteria or cellular debris. It’s a key part of the immune response.

A

Phagocytosis

67
Q

It is antigenic and demonstrated by staining method (india ink)

A

capsule

68
Q

it forms colonies which are often slimy

A

capsule

69
Q

Pili is also known as?

A

Fimbriae

70
Q

it is proteinaceous, filamentous polymeric organelles expressed on the surface of bacteria

A

Pili

71
Q

It is involved in attachment to surfaces or host cells, helping bacteria adhere to environments, but not directly involved in gene transfer.

A

Pili Somatic conjugation

72
Q

known as sex pili, facilitate the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells during conjugation.

A

sexual conjugation

73
Q

it helps bacteria to adhere to host cell

A

pili

74
Q

hair like appendage that protrude from the surface of bacteria that is used for locomotion

A

flagella

75
Q

Flagella locomotion under 25 degrees Celsius

A

motile locomotion

76
Q

locomotion of flagella under 37 degrees Celsius

A

non motile locomotion

77
Q

Virulence factors are molecules produced by pathogens that contribute to their ability to:

A
  1. invade the host
  2. cause disease
  3. evade host defense
78
Q

Adherence factors are molecules that help pathogens attach to host cells and tissues, which is a crucial first step in infection. These include:

A
  1. pili
  2. adhesins
  3. capsules
79
Q

what are the anti-phagocytic factors?

A

capsules
M CHON/M PROTEIN
mycolic acid

80
Q

what are the enzymes?

A

coagulase
fibrinolysin
hyaluronidase
IgA1 protease

81
Q

what are the toxins?

A

endotoxin
exotoxin

Bacte (4 decks)

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