Lesson 3 Flashcards
Study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms
Genetics
Study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms
Genetics
Also called as inheritance
Heredity
Passing of traits form parents to their offspring either through asexual or sexual reproduction
Heredity
It is the genetic information
Genotype
It is the observable traits
Phenotype
It is the package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism
Chromosome
The molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
It is the basic building block of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA
Nucleotide
Nucleotide is made up of?
Nitrogen base
Sugar molecule
PO4 group
It is the basic unit of heredity
Genes
It is the sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA
Genes
How do human cells multiply and replicate?
Through meiosis and mitosis
It is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes
Meiosis
What is the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division?
Mitosis
How do bacteria replicate and multiply?
Through Binary fission
DNA traits are expressed through the process of _________
gene expression
gene expression happens when the genes are transcribed into _____ and then translated into _______, where it determine the physical and functional traits of an organism.
RNA
Proteins
It is a haploid genome, which has a single set of chromosomes
Bacterial chromosome
It is a single, and circular double stranded DNA (ssDNA)
Bacterial chromosome
It carries the genetic information needed for reproduction
Bacterial chromosome
It is extra chromosomal, and is a self-replicating gene elements
Plasmids
Plasmids are _______ than bacterial chromosomes
Smaller
Plasmids are ____ essential
Non
Plasmids control what?
Antibiotic resistance
Production of toxins
Synthesis of bacterial virulence factor
It is also known as Phage?
bacteriophage
what are the viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells?
bacteriophage
It consists principally of proteins plus nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, but not both)
bacteriophage
It consists of double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, or RNA
bacteriophage
It encodes functions required for replication in bacteria?
bacteriophage
bacteriophage enhances bacterial pathogenicity by:
- transferring genes virulence factors
- duplicating the virulence factors
- changing the regulatory sequences controlling bacterial virulence genes
The three main ways bacteria exchange genetic information are:
- transformation
- transduction
- conjugation
It is a direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material from its surrounding
transformation
what is the process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material from the environment?
transformation
the process of gene transfer by ________ does not require a living donor cell but only requires the presence of persistent DNA in the environment
transformation
The pre-requisite for bacteria to undergo transformation is its ability to take up free, extra cellular genetic material, which is also termed as “_____________”
competent cells
It is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another
transduction
bacteriophage is an example of this way for genetic expression
transduction
What is the transfer of genetic material between cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells?
conjugation
what does take place through a pilus?
conjugation
it is a parasexual mode of reproduction in bacteria
conjugation
it is the change in the nucleotide sequence and can create new cellulae functionalities or lead to the dysfunction of others
bacterial mutation
it occurs spontaneously or by exposure to mutation-inducing agents
bacterial mutation
it is the result of errors during DNA replication
bacterial mutation
what are the 3 genetic outcomes in bacterial mutation??
- silent mutation
- missense mutation
- nonsense mutation
the mutation changes the original codon into another codon that codes for the same amino acid
silent mutation
It is when a mutation in the sequence causes a codon to code for a different amino acid
missense mutation
it is when a mutant stop codon replaces a wild-type codon, terminating translation resulting in a shortened protein.
nonsense mutation
what are the 3 types of mutagens?
- physical
- chemical
- biological
what are the examples of physical mutagens?
- UV
- Radiation
what are the examples of chemical mutagens?
reactive oxygen species
alkylating agents
what are the examples of biological mutagens?
transposons (bet species)
it defines the shape of the bacteria
bacterial cell wall
some components responsible for pathogenicity in the bacterial cell wall are:
M protein
mycolic acid
what is the main constituent of bacterial cell wall?
peptidoglycan
it is part of Gram stain reaction
bacterial cell wall
which bacterial cell wall has lipopolysaccharides as its outer membrane?
gram-negative bacteria
which bacterial cell wall has 4 layers of peptidoglycan?
gram-positive bacteria
what is the fluid phospholipid bilayer that encloses the bacterial cytoplasm?
cytoplasmic membrane
it is a selectively permeable membrane
cytoplasmic membrane
it is a site of energy production
cytoplasmic membrane
it is dormant, tough and non-reproductive structure by the bacteria during unfavorable conditions
endospores
it is the resting cell, resistant to high temperature, desiccant and chemical agents
endospores
endospores are composed of:
calcium
dipicolinic acid
it increase in virulence by preventing phagocytosis
capsule
____________________________ is the process by which certain cells, like white blood cells, engulf and digest large particles, such as bacteria or cellular debris. It’s a key part of the immune response.
Phagocytosis
It is antigenic and demonstrated by staining method (india ink)
capsule
it forms colonies which are often slimy
capsule
Pili is also known as?
Fimbriae
it is proteinaceous, filamentous polymeric organelles expressed on the surface of bacteria
Pili
It is involved in attachment to surfaces or host cells, helping bacteria adhere to environments, but not directly involved in gene transfer.
Pili Somatic conjugation
known as sex pili, facilitate the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells during conjugation.
sexual conjugation
it helps bacteria to adhere to host cell
pili
hair like appendage that protrude from the surface of bacteria that is used for locomotion
flagella
Flagella locomotion under 25 degrees Celsius
motile locomotion
locomotion of flagella under 37 degrees Celsius
non motile locomotion
Virulence factors are molecules produced by pathogens that contribute to their ability to:
- invade the host
- cause disease
- evade host defense
Adherence factors are molecules that help pathogens attach to host cells and tissues, which is a crucial first step in infection. These include:
- pili
- adhesins
- capsules
what are the anti-phagocytic factors?
capsules
M CHON/M PROTEIN
mycolic acid
what are the enzymes?
coagulase
fibrinolysin
hyaluronidase
IgA1 protease
what are the toxins?
endotoxin
exotoxin
