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Bacte > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

“Micro”
“Bios”
“Logia”

Means?

A

Small
Life
Study

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2
Q

It is the scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular, multicellular, or acellular.

A

Microbiology

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3
Q

Types of Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria
Archaea

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4
Q

It lives in extremely alkaline/acidic environment

A

Archaea

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5
Q

Types of eukaryotes

A

Plant cells
Animal cells

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6
Q

A cell wall is present in most but not in all cells?

A

Prokaryotic cell

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7
Q

It has A cell wall that is present only in plants and fungal cells only

A

Eukaryotic cell

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8
Q

It has plasma membrane

A

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell

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9
Q

This cell doesn’t have a nucleus

A

Prokaryotic cell

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10
Q

This cell has a circular or linear, double stranded DNA; genes are not interrupted by introns

A

Prokaryotic cell

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11
Q

This cell has a linear, double stranded DNA; genes frequently interrupted by intron sequences, especially in higher eukaryotes.

A

Eukaryotic cells

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12
Q

In prokaryotic cells, cellular organelles are absent except?

A

Ribosomes

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13
Q

Many of these kinds of cells are strict anaerobes

A

Prokaryotic cell

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14
Q

A cell with the size of 0.1-10 micron

A

Prokaryotic cell

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15
Q

A cell with the size of 10-100 micron

A

Eukaryotic cell

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16
Q

It has both RNA & DNA.
Its nucleus is prokaryotic
It replicates through binary fission
Some of it have motility

A

bacteria

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17
Q

Nucleus: none
Nucleic acid: either RNA & DNA
Replication: no binary fission
Motility: none

A

viruses

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18
Q

Nucleus: eukaryotic
Nucleic acid: both RNA & DNA
Replication: binary fission
Motility: none

A

Fungi

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19
Q

Nucleus: eukaryotic
Nucleic acid: both RNA & DNA
Replication: binary fission & budding
Motility: most

A

Parasites

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20
Q

It means staff or cane

A

bakteria

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21
Q

It is the first discovered bacterial shape

A

Rod shape or bacilli

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22
Q

Singular form of bacteria?

A

bacterium

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23
Q

What is the single-celled organism that contains both RNA & DNA and reproduce through binary fission?

A

bacteria

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24
Q

Size of the most pathogenic bacteria is?

A

1.0-10 micron

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25
Q

They cause most of human infections

A

bacteria

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26
Q

Steps in binary fission

A
  1. Parent cell
  2. Replication of DNA
  3. Segregation of DNA
  4. Cell splitting into two
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27
Q

It is the binomial system in naming bacteria where:
Genera + Specific name = specie

A

Bacterial nomenclature

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28
Q

He invented the compounding of lenses or compound microscope

A

Zacharias Janssen

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29
Q

He modified the basic design of the microscope

A

Robert Hooke

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30
Q

He is the first to discover the cell

A

Robert Hooke

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31
Q

He described the forms of fungi such as bluish mold on a piece of leather

A

Robert Hooke

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32
Q

He is the father of microbiology

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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33
Q

He is first to observe and experiment with microbes

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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34
Q

This kind of bacteria naturally lives inside the human body w/o causing disease

A

Normal flora

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35
Q

It is a gram + cocci bacteria that is found in skin or nasal passages. Too much of it may cause boils, impetigo, cellulitis, pimples, and abscess

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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36
Q

These normal flora maintain skin pH balance and support the immune system of the body

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis
Propionibacterium acnes
Malassezia fungi

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37
Q

He invented the process that bears his name, pasteurization

A

Louis Pasteur

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38
Q

He discovered the principle of immunization

A

Louis Pasteur

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39
Q

These are gram + cocci bacteria that are found in the mouth, throat, skin, gastrointestinal tract.

A

Streptococcus species

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40
Q

These are the largest gram - bacteria found in the intestines. It helps in digestion and produces vitamins. It can cause a UTI when it enters the urinary tract.

A

Escherichia coli

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41
Q

He is known for the isolation of microorganisms causing anthrax and tuberculosis

A

Robert Koch

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42
Q

He developed solid media for culturing bacteria and various techniques to isolate bacteria

A

Robert Koch

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43
Q

It controls thermoregulation and is triggered by chemicals to kill bacteria or microorganisms

A

hypothalamus

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44
Q

It is the response of the immune system to any microorganisms, toxins, chemicals

A

Systematic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

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45
Q

SIRS + microorganisms = ___________ which triggers hypothalamus and causes septic shock

A

sepsis

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46
Q

Its symptoms are tachycardia, fever, tachypnea

A

Systematic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)

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47
Q

He is the father of antisepsis and developed antiseptic surgical procedures

A

Joseph Lister

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48
Q

He is the 1st person to isolate the bacteria “Bacillus lactis” in pure form in a liquid culture form

A

Joseph Lister

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49
Q

He developed the most important staining method in 1884 to visualize bacteria known as “Gram Staining”

A

Hans Christian Gram

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50
Q

In 1928, he discovered the antibiotic “Penicillin” through studying staphylococcus bacteria where his petri dish was accidentally contaminated by “Penicillium notatum”

A

Alexander Fleming

51
Q

He introduced the concept of vaccination

A

Edward Jenner

52
Q

These microorganisms are nonpathogenic, their natural habitat is dead organic matter

A

Saprophytes

53
Q

Unicellular or metazoan organism living in or on an organism of another species on the expense of the host

54
Q

Normal inhabitants of the skin and mucosa, normal flora

A

Commensals

55
Q

Classic disease causing microorganisms

A

Pathogenic microorganisms

56
Q

Can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals when given a chance

A

Opportunists or facultatively pathogenic microorganisms

57
Q

It is the capacity of a pathogen species to cause disease

A

pathogenicity

58
Q

It is the sum of the disease-causing properties of a strain of a pathogenic species

59
Q

It is the sum of the disease-causing properties of a strain of a pathogenic species

60
Q

It is the time between infection and manifestation of disease symptoms. It can be measured in hours, weeks, days, months or even years

A

Incubation period

61
Q

It is the time between infection and first appearance of products of sexual production of the pathogens

A

prepatency

62
Q

It is the totality of host species “susceptible” to infection by a given pathogen

A

Infection spectrum

63
Q

It is the smallest number of pathogens sufficient to cause an infection

A

Minimum infective dose

64
Q

Method or pathway used by pathogens to invade the host

A

Mode of infection

65
Q

Microbiological presence of microorganisms on objects

A

contamination

66
Q

Presence of microorganisms on skin without penetration into the tissues

A

colonization

67
Q

Invasion of a host by microorganisms

68
Q

Infection without outbreak of clinical symptoms

A

Inapparent infection

69
Q

Infection with outbreak of clinical symptoms

A

Infectious disease

70
Q

frequency of clinical manifestation of an infection in disposed individuals

A

Probability of manifestation

71
Q

Infection arising from the colonizing flora

A

Endogenous infection

72
Q

Infection from the invasion of host by microorganisms from sources external to it

A

Exogenous infection

73
Q

Infection acquired during hospitalization

A

Nosocomial infection

74
Q

Infection that remains restricted to the portal of entry and surrounding area

A

Local infection

75
Q

Lymphogenous or hematogenous spread of invading pathogen starting from the portal of entry

A

Generalized infection

76
Q

Systematic disease caused by microorganisms and their toxic products. Pathogens enter the bloodstream, continuously

77
Q

Brief presence of microorganisms in the bloodstream

A

Transitory bacteremia

78
Q

Occurrence of a second infection in the course of a first infection

A

Superinfection

79
Q

Series of infection by the same pathogen

80
Q

Series of infection by different pathogens

A

Reinfection

81
Q

Factors affecting the growth of bacteria

A

Air
Temperature
pH
Light
Osmotic pressure
Nutrients

82
Q

Bacteria that needs oxygen

83
Q

Bacteria which can grow only in the presence of oxygen

A

Obligate bacteria

84
Q

Example of obligate aerobes

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

85
Q

Bacteria which are ordinary aerobes but can also grow w/o oxygen

A

Facultative aerobes

86
Q

Example of facultative aerobes

A

Escherichia coli

87
Q

Bacteria that can grow in the presence of low oxygen and in the presence of low (4%) concentration of carbon dioxide

A

Microaerophilic bacteria

88
Q

Example of microaerophilic bacteria

A

Campylobacter jejuni

89
Q

Campylobacter jejuni which is from raw/half-cooked chicken causes _________

A

Guillain -Barre syndrome

90
Q

Bacteria that can grow without oxygen. It lacks superoxide dis mutase and catalase hence oxygen is lethal to these microorganisms

91
Q

Bacteria that can grow only in absence of oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobes

92
Q

Example of obligate anaerobes

A

Clostridium species

93
Q

It causes tetanus, muscle stiffness, and lock jaw

A

Clostridium tetani

94
Q

These bacteria require higher amounts of carbon dioxide for their growth

A

Capnophilic bacteria

95
Q

Bacteria that can grow well in the presence of 5-10% CO2 and 15% O2

A

Capnophilic bacteria

96
Q

Examples of Capnophilic bacteria

A

Haemophilus influenzae
Brucella abortus

97
Q

The optimum temp. For most pathogenic bacteria

A

37 degrees C

98
Q

These bacteria are cold loving microbes that can grow within a temp. Range of 0-20 degrees. Most soil and water saprophytes belong to this group

A

Psychrophiles

99
Q

Example of psychrophiles

A

Arthrobacter species
Psychrobacter species

100
Q

These are moderate temp. Loving microbes that grow between 25 and 40 degrees. Most pathogenic bacteria belong to this group

A

mesophiles

101
Q

These are heat loving microbes. They can grow at a high temp. range of 55-80 degrees

A

thermophiles

102
Q

Example of thermophiles

A

Bacillus stearothermophilus

103
Q

Most bacteria grow between pH _______ and __________

A

7.2 and 7.6

104
Q

Very few bacteria like ______________, can grow at acidic pH below 4.0

A

Lactobacilli

105
Q

Example of bacteria that can grow in an alkaline environment (8.2-8.9 pH)

A

V. cholerae

106
Q

Bacteria deriving energy from sunlight

A

phototrophs

107
Q

Bacteria deriving energy from chemical sources

A

chemotrophs

108
Q

Organisms requiring high osmotic pressures

A

Osmophilic bacteria

109
Q

Sudden exposure of bacteria to hypertonic solution may cause osmotic withdrawal of water, leading to osmotic shrinkage of the protoplasm

A

Plasmolysis

110
Q

Sudden transfer of bacteria from concentrated solution to distilled water may cause excessive inhibition of water leading to swelling and bursting of cell

A

Plasmoptysis

111
Q

Gram positive cocci

A

Aerobic:
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococci

Anaerobic:
Peptostreptococci

112
Q

Gram positive bacilli

A

Aerobic:
Bacilli
Cornybacteria

Facultative anaerobes:
Listeria

Anaerobic:
Clostridia
Actinomycetes
Bifidobacteria

113
Q

Gram negative cocci

A

Aerobic:
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria

Anaerobic:
Veillonella

114
Q

Gram negative bacilli

A

Aerobic:
Pseudomonas

Facultative anaerobes:
Salmonella
Escherichia
Proteus
Vibrio

Anaerobic:
Bacteriods
Fusobacterium
Leptotrichia

115
Q

Gram negative spirochetes

A

Aerobic:
Leptospira

Anaerobic:
Treponema
Boyrelia

Microaerophiles:
Helicobacter
Spirillum

116
Q

Innate immunity specific

A

Intact skin
ciliary clearance
Low stomach pH
lysozyme

117
Q

Innate immunity non-specific

A

Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Natural killer
Dendritic cell
Macrophage
Mast cell

118
Q

Adaptive/acquired immunity active

A

Natural
vaccination

119
Q

Adaptive/acquired immunity passive

A

Maternal
Immunoglobulin treatment
Herd immunity

120
Q

“chancroid”
Painful genital ulcer
Soft chancre

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

121
Q

“Hard chancre”
Sexually transmitted
Genitals, anus, mouth

A

Treponema pallidum

122
Q

Flesh eating bacteria

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Clostridium species
Vibrio vulnificus

123
Q

Flesh eating bacteria

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Clostridium species
Vibrio vulnificus

Bacte (4 decks)

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