Lesson 4 Flashcards
is an interconnected network of thousands of networks and millions of computers linking businesses, educational institutions, government agencies, and individuals.
Internet
the Internet’s purpose was to link researchers nationwide via computer.
Innovation Phase (1961–1974),
expand the fundamental building blocks of the Internet into a complex military communications system and then into a civilian system.
Institutionalization Phase (1975–1995)
further expansion of the network, and private business began to exploit the Internet for commercial purposes.
Commercialization Phase (1995 to the present)
The 3 key technology components of Internet
- Packet switching
- TCP/IP
- Client/server technology
is a method of slicing digital messages into discrete units
called packets, sending the packets along different communication paths as they become available, and then reassembling the packets once they arrive at their destination.
Packet switching
the core
communications protocol for the Internet.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
establishes the connections among
sending and receiving Web computers and makes sure that packets sent by one computer are received in the correct sequence by the other, without any packets missing.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
provides the addressing scheme and is responsible for the actual delivery of the packets.
Internet Protocol (IP)
makes it possible for large amounts of information to be stored on Web servers and shared with individual users on their client computers.
Client/Server Technology
delivers requested Web pages, allowing users to view them.
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
enable e-mail to be routed to a mail server and then picked up by the
recipient’s server, while IMAP enables e-mail to be sorted before being
downloaded by the recipient.
SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
and
POP(Post Office Protocol)
ensure that information transmissions are encrypted.
SSL(Secure Sockets Layer)
and
TLS (Transport Layer Security)
is used to transfer files from servers to clients and vice versa.
FTP(File Transfer Protocol)
is a utility program that enables work to be done remotely.
Telnet
is a utility program that allows
users to verify a connection between client and server.
Ping (Packet InterNet Groper)
lets you track the route a message takes from a client to a remote computer.
Tracert
The main structural elements of the Internet are (10) :
- The backbone
- IXPs (Internet Exchange Point)
- CANs (Campus Area Networks)
- ISPs (Internet Service Provider)
- IAB (Internet Architecture Board)
- ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
- IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group)
- IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
- ISOC (Internet Society)
- W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
which is composed primarily of high-bandwidth fiber-optic cable operated by a variety of providers.
The backbone
are hubs that use high-speed switching computers to connect the backbone with regional and local networks.
IXPs (Internet Exchange Point)
are local area networks operating within a single organization that connect directly to regional networks.
CANs (Campus area networks)
deal with the “last mile” of service to homes and offices. Offer a variety of types of service, ranging from dial-up service to broadband DSL, and cable modem.
ISPs (Internet Service Provider)
helps define the overall
architecture of the Internet and oversees the IETF and IRTF
IAB (Internet Architecture Board)
coordinates the Internet’s systems of unique identifiers: IP addresses, protocol parameter registries, and the top-level domain systems.
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
is responsible for technical management of IETF activities and the Internet standards process.
IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group)
is an open international community of network operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and operation of the Internet.
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
which is a consortium of corporations, government agencies,
and nonprofit organizations that monitors Internet policies and practices.
ISOC (Internet Society)
is a largely academic group that sets
HTML and other programming standards for the Web.
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
Today’s Internet is slow and incapable of effectively sharing and displaying large files, such as video and voice files.
Bandwidth limitations
Data packets don’t all arrive in the correct order, at the same moment, causing latency; latency creates jerkiness in video files and voice messages.
Quality of service limitations
Servers can’t keep up with demand.
Future improvements to Internet infrastructure will improve the way servers process requests for information, thus improving overall speed.
Network architecture limitations
The nature of HTML restricts the
quality of “rich” information that can be shared online. Future languages will enable improved display and viewing of video and graphics.
Language development limitations
is a consortium working together to develop and test new technologies for potential use on the Internet.
Internet2
are providing users of smartphones and tablet computers
with increased access to the Internet and its various services.
LAN and 4G technologies
will be a big part of the Internet of the future, with more and
more sensor-equipped machines and devices connected to the Internet.
The Internet of Things
The Web was developed during 1989–1991 by ____ ?
Dr. Tim Berners-Lee
In 1993, ____ created the first
graphical Web browser, which made it possible to view documents on the Web graphically and created the possibility of universal computing.
Marc Andreessen
is a way of formatting pages with embedded links that connect
documents to one another and that also link pages to other objects.
Hypertext
is the protocol used to
transmit Web pages over the Internet.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
are the addresses at which
Web pages can be found.
URLs (Uniform Resource Locator)
is the programming language used to create most Web pages and which provides designers with a fixed set of tags that are used to format a Web page.
HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
is a newer markup language that allows designers to describe data and information
XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
is software that enables a computer to deliver Web pages written in HTML to client computers that request this service by sending an HTTP request.
Web server software
are computing devices attached to the Internet that are capable of making HTTP requests and displaying HTML pages.
Web clients
display Web pages and also have added features such as
e-mail and newsgroups.
Web Browsers
uses a series of protocols to enable messages containing text, images, sound, and video clips to be transferred from one Internet
user to another.
allows messages to be sent between two users almost instantly, allowing parties to engage in a two-way conversation.
Instant messaging
identify Web pages that match a query submitted by a user.
Search engines
enable users to communicate with each other, although not in real time, and online chat.
Online forums
enables music, video, and other large files to be sent to users in chunks so that when received and played, the file comes through uninterrupted.
Streaming media
are small text files that allow a Web site to store information about a user, are used by e-commerce as a marketing tool.
Cookies
Web 2.0 features and services include (8):
- Social Networks
- Blogs
- RSS (Really Simple Syndication)
- Podcasts
- Wikis
- Music and video services
- Internet Telephony
- Online software and services
are online services that support communication within networks of friends, colleagues, and even entire professions.
Social networks
are personal Web pages that typically contain a series of chronological entries (newest to oldest) by the author and links to related Web pages.
Blogs
is an XML format that allows
users to have digital content, including text, articles, blogs, and podcast audio files, automatically sent to their computers over the Internet.
RSS (Really Simple Syndication)
are audio presentations—such as a radio show, audio from a movie, or simply personal audio presentations—stored as audio files and posted to the Web.
Podcasts
are Web applications that allow a user to easily add and edit content on a Web page.
Wikis
such as iTunes and digital video on demand.
Music and video services
uses VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) to transmit audio
communication over the Internet.
Internet telephony
such as Web apps, widgets, and gadgets.
Online software and services
Some of the specific features that support e-commerce include (6):
- Instant Messaging
- Search Engines
- Online Forums
- Streaming Media
- Cookies
