LESSON 3: Ethico-legal Aspects of Pharmacology

Question 1

Type of Ethical Principle

-Doing the right thing
-Take actions that serve the best interests of the patients.

Answer 1

Beneficence

Question 2

-Making choices that support values, make those values more real and more meaningful
-Making choices along with rules, a code of ethics, a set of rules

Answer 2

Ethics

Question 3

An ethical principle for the individual’s right to choose. The individuality of each person is respected.

Answer 3

Autonomy

Question 4

An ethical principle based on fairness being extended to each individual. It involves the way people are treated and the way resources are distributed. It considers the action from the point of view of the least fortunate in our society. It results in equal and similar treatment of all people

Answer 4

Justice

Question 5

Everything that the patient discloses to you should be kept between you and the healthcare team of the patient.

Answer 5

Confidentiality

Question 6

Refers to the idea that a person must be fully informed about and understand the potential benefits and risks of their choice of treatment

Answer 6

Informed consent

Question 7

Give the type of autonomy based on the case scenario.

Whether the patient wants to be resuscitated or not just in case his/her heart stops beating.

Answer 7

Advanced Directives

Question 8

Measures toxicity

Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people
(20-80) for the first time to:
○ Evaluate its safety
○ Determine a safe dosage range
○ Identify side effects

Answer 8

Phase 1

Question 9

In RCT, there are ____ where there are patients who might receive the new drug, patients who might receive the “standard of care” (old treatment), and patients who might receive the placebo. This depends on the researcher’s research protocols.

Answer 9

Blind trials

Question 10

Measures Efficacy

The study drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people
(100-300) to:
○ See if it is effective
○ Further evaluate its safety

Answer 10

RCT Phase II

Question 11

Is the genuine uncertainty within the scientific
and medical community as to which of two interventions is clinically superior

Answer 11

Clinical Equipoise

Question 12

Ways in which a nurse is expected to follow the rules and regulations prescribed for nursing practice. These ways in which a nurse is expected to follow are stated in the___

Answer 12

Philippine Nursing Law

Question 13

Measures efficacy vs. standard therapy

The study drug or treatment is given to large groups of people
(1,000-3,000) to:
○ Confirm its effectiveness
○ Monitor side effects
○ Compare it to commonly used treatments
○ Collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used
safely

Answer 13

Phase III

Question 14

Provides care based on nursing diagnosis, prioritizing the needs; planning, implementing, and evaluating the nursing care. Follow the Nursing Process.

Provides care to the patient based on needs, respect, dignity, and right without considering race, nationality, creed, color, or socio-economic status.

Answer 14

Responsibilities of the nurse

Question 15

Ways in which a nurse is expected to follow the rules and regulations prescribed for nursing practice.

Answer 15

Legal responsibilities of the nurse

Question 16

These ways in which a nurse is expected to follow are stated in the __________.

Answer 16

Philippine Nursing Law.

Question 17

Nurses have to pass the __________ and acquire a license to perform nursing actions.

Answer 17

nursing licensure exam

Question 18

Nurses must be very familiar with ________. Nurses, therefore, should know the laws that affect nursing practice, and laws that regulate the distribution, sale, and use of drugs in the Philippines.

Answer 18

Philippine nursing law

Question 19

Accept only such responsibility that is within the ________ of your employment and your job description.

Answer 19

scope

Question 20

In the Philippines, hindi pa kasama sa law na pwedeng
mag-prescribe ang nurse, so prescribing is the responsibility of_________.

Answer 20

doctors

Question 21

In terms of dispensing drugs, this is the responsibility of ___________.

Answer 21

pharmacists

Question 22

________ are tasked to prepare and administer the drugs, as well as monitoring of the patients taking certain drugs.

Answer 22

Nurses

Question 23

T/F: Nurses can delegate their responsibilities to others.

Answer 23

NO. Even though we encourage them (the watcher/s) to participate in the care of the patient, ang magbibigay ng gamot o magi-inject ay ang nurse.

Question 24

You determine whether your subordinates are competent in the work you are assigning them because?

Answer 24

You will be liable for the actions of your subordinate(s) and their outcomes.

Question 25

T/F: You should verify orders that are not clear to you or those that seem to be erroneous.

Answer 25

T

Question 26

Nurses should read and understand the patient’s charts/documentations carefully because?

Answer 26

There are drugs whose names sound alike or are spelled similarly, so clarify with the doctor if the indicated drugs are not clear to you.

Question 27

if you think that the drug is not beneficial to the patient, as a patient advocate, what should you do?

Answer 27

Bring the issue up with our superiors and/or doctors who made the order.

Question 28

T/F: The doctor shouldn’t be informed either through our documentation (patient’s chart) or if urgent, through phone calls.

Answer 28

F

Question 29

T/F: Make urgent referrals if necessary based on assessment or evaluation of the patient’s response to medication.

Answer 29

T

Question 30

IF IT IS NOT WRITTEN? .

Answer 30

IT IS NOT DONE.

Question 31

What is the law that says registered Nurses are the advocates of the patients: they shall take appropriate steps to safeguard their rights and privileges.

Answer 31

RA NO. 9173 - “PHILIPPINE NURSING ACT OF 2002”

Question 32

In what section it says that registered Nurses are aware that their actions have professional, ethical, moral, and legal dimensions. They strive to perform their work in the best interest of all.

Answer 32

SECTION 10. Ethical Principle

Question 33

In what section it says that registered Nurses must perform their professional duties in conformity with existing laws, rules, regulations, measures, and generally accepted principles of moral conduct and proper decorum.

Answer 33

SECTION 11.Guidelines to be observed

Question 34

An act to promote, require and ensure the production of an adequate supply, distribution, use and acceptance of drugs and medicines identified by their generic name.

Answer 34

RA 6675 - “GENERICS ACT OF 1988”

Question 35

When a doctor prescribes medications, he or she should not use brand names of medications in the prescription (instead, the __________).

Answer 35

generic names

Question 36

T/F: As a nurse, if you request medication from a pharmacy, you should also use/indicate the generic name of the medication in the request form/letter.

Answer 36

T

Question 37

It is the policy of the State to protect public health and, when the public interest or circumstances of extreme urgency so require, it shall adopt appropriate measures to promote and ensure access to affordable quality drugs and medicines for all.

Answer 37

RA 9502 - “UNIVERSALLY ACCESSIBLE CHEAPER AND QUALITY MEDICINES ACT OF 2008”

Question 38

Ensure the safety and purity of foods, drugs, and cosmetics being made available to the public.

Answer 38

RA 3720 - “FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETIC ACT”

Question 39

It is the policy of the State to safeguard the integrity of its territory and the well-being of its citizenry, particularly the youth, from the harmful effects of dangerous drugs on their physical and mental well-being, and to defend the same against acts or omissions detrimental to their development and preservation.

Answer 39

RA 9165 - “COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002”

Question 40

These are some of the strategies to ensure patient safety and to prevent criminal liability (our own safety as healthcare providers and the safety of our profession and licenses):

Answer 40

Medication preparation and administration

Question 41

For verbal orders from physicians or telephone orders, immediately write on the __________ and request the attending physician to countersign.

Answer 41

patient’s chart

Question 42

There are a limited number of days for administering antibiotics. Antibiotics are given only at a ___________ for a certain period of time, so document your antibiotic administration (e.g., nakaka-ilang dose ng antibiotic na ba ang pasyente) carefully to avoid underdosing or overdosing.

Answer 42

specified dose

Question 43

Strict monitoring of the __________ of medicine on the patient, especially ones which may change the blood chemistry (High Alert medicines like Heparin, Digoxin).

i.e., Strict monitoring through getting vital signs and laboratory work-ups (e.g., serum chemistry of patient)

Answer 43

effects

Question 44

T/F: Administration of correct dose of medications include the following:

● Correct dose computation
● Measurement of liquid medicines at eye level.

Answer 44

T

Question 45

Ensure that all the medicine containers are labeled clearly. How will you do this?

Answer 45

dapat nakasulat kung: (1) para sa kaninong pasyente yung drug?; (2) ano yung dose ng gamot?

Question 46

In case of near miss and medication errors, these should be what?

Ex. Nag-administer ka ng antibiotic pero nagkamali ka ng diluent na nailagay pero hindi mo naman binigay sa pasyente, so wala namang harm na nagawa sa pasyente.

Answer 46

reported immediately

Question 47

These are made to improve policies that prevent such errors from recurring.

Answer 47

Incident reports

Question 48

This is lack of proper care and attention; carelessness. Doing something that a prudent and reasonable nurse would NOT do. Failure to provide proper care. Failure to do an act that is necessary for the protection or assistance of a patient.

Answer 48

Negligence

Question 49

Professional negligence when the conduct fails to meet the legal standard of care and someone is damaged as a result. Any unreasonable lack of skill in professional duties or illegal or immoral conduct that result in injury or death to the client/consumer.

Answer 49

Malpractice