LESSON 3: Ethico-legal Aspects of Pharmacology Flashcards
Type of Ethical Principle
-Doing the right thing
-Take actions that serve the best interests of the patients.
Beneficence
-Making choices that support values, make those values more real and more meaningful
-Making choices along with rules, a code of ethics, a set of rules
Ethics
An ethical principle for the individual’s right to choose. The individuality of each person is respected.
Autonomy
An ethical principle based on fairness being extended to each individual. It involves the way people are treated and the way resources are distributed. It considers the action from the point of view of the least fortunate in our society. It results in equal and similar treatment of all people
Justice
Everything that the patient discloses to you should be kept between you and the healthcare team of the patient.
Confidentiality
Refers to the idea that a person must be fully informed about and understand the potential benefits and risks of their choice of treatment
Informed consent
Give the type of autonomy based on the case scenario.
Whether the patient wants to be resuscitated or not just in case his/her heart stops beating.
Advanced Directives
Measures toxicity
Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people
(20-80) for the first time to:
○ Evaluate its safety
○ Determine a safe dosage range
○ Identify side effects
Phase 1
In RCT, there are ____ where there are patients who might receive the new drug, patients who might receive the “standard of care” (old treatment), and patients who might receive the placebo. This depends on the researcher’s research protocols.
Blind trials
Measures Efficacy
The study drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people
(100-300) to:
○ See if it is effective
○ Further evaluate its safety
RCT Phase II
Is the genuine uncertainty within the scientific
and medical community as to which of two interventions is clinically superior
Clinical Equipoise
Ways in which a nurse is expected to follow the rules and regulations prescribed for nursing practice. These ways in which a nurse is expected to follow are stated in the___
Philippine Nursing Law
Measures efficacy vs. standard therapy
The study drug or treatment is given to large groups of people
(1,000-3,000) to:
○ Confirm its effectiveness
○ Monitor side effects
○ Compare it to commonly used treatments
○ Collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used
safely
Phase III
Provides care based on nursing diagnosis, prioritizing the needs; planning, implementing, and evaluating the nursing care. Follow the Nursing Process.
Provides care to the patient based on needs, respect, dignity, and right without considering race, nationality, creed, color, or socio-economic status.
Responsibilities of the nurse
Ways in which a nurse is expected to follow the rules and regulations prescribed for nursing practice.
Legal responsibilities of the nurse
These ways in which a nurse is expected to follow are stated in the __________.
Philippine Nursing Law.
Nurses have to pass the __________ and acquire a license to perform nursing actions.
nursing licensure exam
Nurses must be very familiar with ________. Nurses, therefore, should know the laws that affect nursing practice, and laws that regulate the distribution, sale, and use of drugs in the Philippines.
Philippine nursing law
Accept only such responsibility that is within the ________ of your employment and your job description.
scope
In the Philippines, hindi pa kasama sa law na pwedeng
mag-prescribe ang nurse, so prescribing is the responsibility of_________.
doctors
In terms of dispensing drugs, this is the responsibility of ___________.
pharmacists
________ are tasked to prepare and administer the drugs, as well as monitoring of the patients taking certain drugs.
Nurses
T/F: Nurses can delegate their responsibilities to others.
NO. Even though we encourage them (the watcher/s) to participate in the care of the patient, ang magbibigay ng gamot o magi-inject ay ang nurse.
You determine whether your subordinates are competent in the work you are assigning them because?
You will be liable for the actions of your subordinate(s) and their outcomes.
T/F: You should verify orders that are not clear to you or those that seem to be erroneous.
T
Nurses should read and understand the patient’s charts/documentations carefully because?
There are drugs whose names sound alike or are spelled similarly, so clarify with the doctor if the indicated drugs are not clear to you.
if you think that the drug is not beneficial to the patient, as a patient advocate, what should you do?
Bring the issue up with our superiors and/or doctors who made the order.
T/F: The doctor shouldn’t be informed either through our documentation (patient’s chart) or if urgent, through phone calls.
F
T/F: Make urgent referrals if necessary based on assessment or evaluation of the patient’s response to medication.
T
IF IT IS NOT WRITTEN? .
IT IS NOT DONE.
What is the law that says registered Nurses are the advocates of the patients: they shall take appropriate steps to safeguard their rights and privileges.
RA NO. 9173 - “PHILIPPINE NURSING ACT OF 2002”
In what section it says that registered Nurses are aware that their actions have professional, ethical, moral, and legal dimensions. They strive to perform their work in the best interest of all.
SECTION 10. Ethical Principle
In what section it says that registered Nurses must perform their professional duties in conformity with existing laws, rules, regulations, measures, and generally accepted principles of moral conduct and proper decorum.
SECTION 11.Guidelines to be observed
An act to promote, require and ensure the production of an adequate supply, distribution, use and acceptance of drugs and medicines identified by their generic name.
RA 6675 - “GENERICS ACT OF 1988”
When a doctor prescribes medications, he or she should not use brand names of medications in the prescription (instead, the __________).
generic names
T/F: As a nurse, if you request medication from a pharmacy, you should also use/indicate the generic name of the medication in the request form/letter.
T
It is the policy of the State to protect public health and, when the public interest or circumstances of extreme urgency so require, it shall adopt appropriate measures to promote and ensure access to affordable quality drugs and medicines for all.
RA 9502 - “UNIVERSALLY ACCESSIBLE CHEAPER AND QUALITY MEDICINES ACT OF 2008”
Ensure the safety and purity of foods, drugs, and cosmetics being made available to the public.
RA 3720 - “FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETIC ACT”
It is the policy of the State to safeguard the integrity of its territory and the well-being of its citizenry, particularly the youth, from the harmful effects of dangerous drugs on their physical and mental well-being, and to defend the same against acts or omissions detrimental to their development and preservation.
RA 9165 - “COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002”
These are some of the strategies to ensure patient safety and to prevent criminal liability (our own safety as healthcare providers and the safety of our profession and licenses):
Medication preparation and administration
For verbal orders from physicians or telephone orders, immediately write on the __________ and request the attending physician to countersign.
patient’s chart
There are a limited number of days for administering antibiotics. Antibiotics are given only at a ___________ for a certain period of time, so document your antibiotic administration (e.g., nakaka-ilang dose ng antibiotic na ba ang pasyente) carefully to avoid underdosing or overdosing.
specified dose
Strict monitoring of the __________ of medicine on the patient, especially ones which may change the blood chemistry (High Alert medicines like Heparin, Digoxin).
i.e., Strict monitoring through getting vital signs and laboratory work-ups (e.g., serum chemistry of patient)
effects
T/F: Administration of correct dose of medications include the following:
● Correct dose computation
● Measurement of liquid medicines at eye level.
T
Ensure that all the medicine containers are labeled clearly. How will you do this?
dapat nakasulat kung: (1) para sa kaninong pasyente yung drug?; (2) ano yung dose ng gamot?
In case of near miss and medication errors, these should be what?
Ex. Nag-administer ka ng antibiotic pero nagkamali ka ng diluent na nailagay pero hindi mo naman binigay sa pasyente, so wala namang harm na nagawa sa pasyente.
reported immediately
These are made to improve policies that prevent such errors from recurring.
Incident reports
This is lack of proper care and attention; carelessness. Doing something that a prudent and reasonable nurse would NOT do. Failure to provide proper care. Failure to do an act that is necessary for the protection or assistance of a patient.
Negligence
Professional negligence when the conduct fails to meet the legal standard of care and someone is damaged as a result. Any unreasonable lack of skill in professional duties or illegal or immoral conduct that result in injury or death to the client/consumer.
Malpractice
