Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

N5: Pharmacology > LESSON 1: Principles and Concepts of Pharmacology > Flashcards

LESSON 1: Principles and Concepts of Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Why study pharmacology?

A

Healthcare workers need to have knowledge about the actions and effects of medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

The study of drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a substance that brings about a change in biological function through its chemical actions

A

Drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

WHO defines a drug as _____

A

Something that gives benefit to the recipient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Drugs produce _____

A

A biologic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sources of drugs

A
  • Made from snthetic chemicals
  • Extracted from plants or animals
  • Products of genetic engineering
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the preferred term by WHO for drugs with therapeutic use?

A

Medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the effects of drugs that are non-therapeutic and used as a recreation?

A
  • Addictive
  • Narcotic
  • Mind-altering
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describes the drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure

A

Chemical name

Example: 2-(p-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name given by the Unites States Adopted Name Council

A

Generic name (nonproprietary name)

Example: Ibuprofen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The drug has a registered trademark; use of the name restricted by the drug’s patent owener (usually the manufacturer)

A

Trade name (proprietary name)

Example:
Motrin (other countries),
Advil (Philippines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is drug classified?

A

Catergorize medications with similar characteristics by their class

Medication classification indicates:
* Effect on the body system
* Symptom it relieves
* Desired effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Examples of classification based on body system

A
  • Cardiac drug
  • GI drug
  • CNS drug
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examples of classification based on symptom the medication relieves

A
  • Pain-reliever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Examples of classification based on the medicine’s desired effects

A
  • Oral hypoglycemics
  • Antihypertensive medications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True or False: A medication may also be part of more than one class

A

True

Example: Aspirin
* Analgesic: relieves pain
* Antipyretic: relieves fever
* Anti-inflammatory: relieves inflammation
* Anti-platelet: prevents stroke recurrence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or False: Medications are available in a variety of forms and preparations

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True or False: The form of the medication will determine its route of administration

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The composition of medication is designed to _____

A

Enhance its absorption and metabolism

One can alter the characteristics of absorption and design a formulation that is easier to absorb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Enumerate the medication forms

A
  • Tablet
  • Capsule
  • Elixir
  • Enteric-coated
  • Suppository
  • Suspension
  • Transdermal patch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which of the medication forms: drug with alcohol as a base; usually sweet

A

Elixir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which of the medication forms: prevents the dissolution of drugs in the stomach and absorbed later in the intestine

A

Enteric-coated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which of the medication forms: placed in the anus

A

Suppository

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which of the medication forms: drugs that you mix with liquid

A

Suspension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which of the medication forms: drug is absorbed through the skin

A

Transdermal patch

Example: Some anti-hypertensive medication, medication for dizziness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Concepts as to how drugs can reach the market

A

New Drug Development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Conducted in a regulatory facility after it has completed animal testing

A

Investigational new drug (IND) application

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Must be obtained for all human test subjects

A

Informed consent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Can be completed only after approval

A

Investigational drug studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A shortened process used for life-saving drugs

Medications must show early promise in Phases I and II

A

Expedited drug approval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which clinical phase of investigational drug studies: A small number of healthy subjects are used

A

Phase I

Determing possible adverse effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which clinical phase of investigational drug studies: Small number of volunteer subjects who have illness

A

Phase II

Determine the possible dosing in a small number of patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which clinical phase of investigational drug studies: Large number of subjects are used

A

Phase III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which clinical phase of investigational drug studies: Post-marketing

A

Phase IV

Determine drug reactions that are very rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Concerned with the use of chemicals in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease

A

Medical Pharmacology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Concerned with the use of chemicals in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease

A

Medical Pharmacology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Concerned with undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems and deals with the adverse effects of drugs and poisonous effects of various chemicals

A

Toxicology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Scientific discipline that involves all aspects of the relationship between drugs and humans; involves both therapeutic and non-therapeutic use of drugs

A

Clinical Pharmacology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Scope of Pharmacology:

Deals with genetically mediated variations in drug responses; Involves the study of a population

A

Pharmacogenetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Scope of Pharmacology:

The use of genetic information to guide the choice of drug therapy on an individual basis; Involves the study of the effect of a particular drug for** one particular person** given that we have knowledge about the genetic make-up of that particular person

A

Pharmacogenomics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Scope of Pharmacology:

Deals with the development of new drug delivery systems and new dosage forms

A

Biopharmaceutics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Scope of Pharmacology:

Study of drug effects at the population level; Helps in regulation of drugs

A

Pharmacoepidemiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Scope of Pharmacology:

Deals with the use of chemotherapeutic agents to** inhibit or destroy invading microbes, parasites or cancer cells** with minimal effect on healthy living tissues

A

Chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Scope of Pharmacology:

Branch of pharmacology that deals with identification, selection, preservation, combining, analyzing, standardization, preparing, compounding and dispensing of medicines for administration to the patient.

A

Pharmacy

Pharmacist prepares compounds and dispenses medicines upon written order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Scope of Pharmacology:

Branch of pharmacology that deals with the source of drugs derived from plants and animals; Study of physical and chemical properties of such substances

A

Pharmacognosy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Pharmacologic Principles

How various drug forms influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities

Examines the difference between injectable medications, oral formulations such as capsules and tablets, and control-release medications

A

Pharmaceutics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Pharmacologic Principles

The study of what the body does to the drug
* Absorption
* Distribution
* Metabolism
* Excretion
* Relationship of dose and concentration

Involves the study of the drug dose and drug levels

Involves the study of the drug and what happens to the drugs before it gets to its are of action

A

Pharmacokinetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Pharmacologic Principles

The study of what the drug does to the body
* Actions of the drug on the body
* Mechanism of drug actions in living tissues
* Relationship between drug concentration and pharmacological response

Involves the study of the drug concentration and pharmacological response

Involves the study of what would happen if a drug binds to a receptor

A

Pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Pharmacologic Principles

The use of drugs and the clinical indications for drugs to prevent and treat diseases

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Pharmacologic Principles

The study of natural (plant and animal) drug sources

A

Pharmacognosy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Pharmacokinetics

Movement of drug from the site of administration to the systemic circulation (intravascular)

A

Absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Measures the extent to which drug is absorbed

A

Bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

It means that the drug has the same bioavailability in the same concentration of the agent when given to a person.

A

Bioequivalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Factors that affect absorption

A
  • Administration route of the drug
  • Ability of medication to dissolve
  • Food or fluids administered with the drug
  • Body surface area
  • Status of the absorptive surface
  • Rate of blood flow to the small intestine
  • Lipid solubility of medication
  • Status of GI motility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

True or False: A drug’s route of administration affects the rate and extent of absorption of that drug

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Route of Administration:

Drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral or gastric mucosa, the small intestine, or rectum

A

Enteral Route (GI Tract)

57
Q

A drug given orally may be extensively metabolized by the liver before reaching the systemic circulation

A

First Pass Effect

58
Q

First-Pass Routes

A
  • Hepatic artery
  • Oral
  • Portal Vein
  • Rectal
59
Q

Non First-Pass Routes

A
  • Aural
  • Buccal
  • Inhalation
  • Rectal
  • Intraarteria
  • Intramuscula
  • Intranasal
  • Intraocular
  • Intravaginal
  • Intravenous
  • Subcutaneous
  • Sublingual
  • Transdermal
60
Q

Route of Administration:

Provides peak concentration because it immediately reaches the bloodstream

A

Parenteral

61
Q

Fastest delivery into the blood circulation

A

Intravenous

62
Q

Route of Administration:

Used only if you want the effect to be local and not diffuse

If the drug needs to be continuously released in the body without
taking them per orem

A

Topical

63
Q

The transport of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to its site of action

A

Distribution

64
Q

Factors that affect distribution

A
  • Protein binding
  • Water soluble vs. fat soluble
  • Blood-brain barrier
  • Areas of rapid distribution: heart,liver, kidneys, brain
  • Areas of slow distribution: muscle, skin, fat
65
Q

The biologic transformation of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, or a more potent metabolite

A

Metabolism

Liver (main organ), kidneys, lungs, plasma, intestinal mucosa

66
Q

Delayed drug metabolism causes _____

A
  • Accumulation of drugs
  • Prolonged action of drugs
67
Q

Stimulating drug metabolism causes _____

A
  • Enhancement in metabolism
  • Inhibition of metabolism
68
Q

Mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g. CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4)
* Oxidation, deamination, desulfuration, reduction, hydrolysis
* These enzymes are largely targeted against lipid-soluble and non-polar (no charge) drugs which are difficult to eliminate

Majority of medications are lipid soluble and non polar

A

Phase I Reaction

69
Q

Metabolizes 50% of drugs metabolized in the liver

A

CYP34A

70
Q

Usually renders drug polar and excretable in kidneys
* Conjugation, glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfation

A

Phase II Reaction

71
Q

The elimination of drugs from the body by making it water soluble

A

Excretion

Kidneys (main organ), liver, bowel

72
Q

Study of the mechanism of drug actions in living tissues
* Drug-induced alterations to normal physiologic function
* Goal of therapy: Therapeutic effect

A

Pharmacodynamics

73
Q

Ways in which a drug can produce a therapeutic effect

A

Mechanism of action

74
Q

True or false: The effect of a particular drug depends on the cell or organ targeted by the drug

A

True

Once the drug binds to its “site of action” it can modify the rate at which a cell or tissue functions

75
Q

Drug binds to a receptor and induce an effect

A

Receptor interaction

76
Q

Degree to which a drug binds with a receptor

A

Affinity

77
Q

True or false: The drug with the best “fit” or affinity will elicit the best response

A

True

78
Q

Drug binds to receptor → there is a response

A

Agonist

Example: Adrenergic agents such as Epinephrine

79
Q

Drug binds to receptor → there is no response; prevents binding of agonists

A

Antagonist

Examples:
Alpha blockers (propanolol and atenolol)
Beta blockers

80
Q

Drug can inhibit or facilitate the action of a particular enzyme

A

Enzyme interaction

81
Q

Drugs will physically interfere with or chemically alter cell process → final product is altered causing cell defect or cell death

A

Non-specific Interaction

82
Q

Disintegration of dosage form and dissolution of drugs depending on the form of drug and where it is given

A

Pharmaceutical phase

83
Q

Drugs will be absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted even before it reaches the drug receptor

A

Pharmacokinetic phase

84
Q

Drug-receptor interaction

A

Pharmacodynamic phase

85
Q

Sites of drug actions

A
  1. Action potential in nerve presynaptic nerve fiber
  2. Synthesis of transmitter
  3. Storage
  4. Metabolism
  5. Release
  6. Reuptake
  7. Degradation
  8. Receptor of transmitter
  9. Receptor-induced increase or decrease in ionic conductance
86
Q

Types of medication action

A
  • Therapeutic Effect
  • Side Effects
  • Adverse Effects
  • Toxic Effect
  • Idiosyncratic Reactions
  • Allergic Reaction
  • Medication Interactions
  • Iatrogenic Response
87
Q

Unintended secondary effects a medication predictably will cause

A

Side Effects

88
Q

The expected or predictable physiological response a medication causes

A

Therapeutic Effects

89
Q

Undesirable response of a medication; Unexpected effects of drug not related to therapeutic effect; Must be reported to FDA; Can be a side effect or a harmful effect

A

Adverse effects

90
Q

A category of adverse effects: which is the extension of therapeutic effect

A

Pharmacologic

91
Q

A category of adverse effects: which is specific only to a particular patient

A

Idiosyncratic

92
Q

A category of adverse effects: which is an allergic reaction

A

Hypersensitivity

93
Q

It is a type of ADE. Defined as any response to a medication that is ‘noxious or unintended and occurs at normal doses’ in patients for whom the drug has been properly prescribed and administered.

A

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADE) ADR

94
Q

May develop after prolonged intake or when a medication accumulates in the blood because of impaired metabolism or excretion, or excessive amount taken

A

Toxic Effects

95
Q

Toxic levels of opioids can cause ______

A

respiratory depression

96
Q

Antidotes available to reverse effects such as____

A

Naloxone

97
Q

Unpredictable effects-overreacts or under reacts to a medication or has a reaction different from normal

A

IDIOSYNCRATIC REACTIONS

98
Q

Idiosyncratic drug reactions are usually caused by abnormal levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes. ______ leads to toxicity, _____leads to not getting its therapeutic effect

A

Overabundance; Deficiency

99
Q

Unpredictable response to a medication. Makes up greater than 10% of all medication reactions

A

Allergic reaction

100
Q

Severe allergic reactions

A

Anaphylactic reaction

101
Q

Mild allergic reactions

A

hives, rash, pruritus

102
Q

Other types of drug reactions: Structural effect in unborn fetus (thalidomide)Fetus doesn’t develop limbs properly

A

Teratogenic

103
Q

Other types of drug reactions: Causes cancer

A

Carcinogenic

104
Q

Other types of drug reactions: Changes genetic composition (radiation, Chemicals)

A

Mutagenic

105
Q

Occurs when one medication modifies the action of another; Common in people taking several medications at once

A

Drug interactions

106
Q

Unintentional adverse effects that occur during therapy

A

Iatrogenic responses

107
Q

Drug interaction that is beneficial (sometimes can be bad). Effect of 2 meds combined is greater than the meds given separately.

A

Synergistic effects

108
Q

Alcohol & Antihistamines, antidepressants, barbiturates, narcotics; All can depress _____, should not be given to sleeping patient

A

Sensorium

109
Q

_____ are required to achieve a constant therapeutic concentration of a medication because a portion of medication is always being excreted

A

Repeated doses

110
Q

Time it takes for excretion processes to lower the serum medication concentration by 1⁄2

A

Serum Half-life

111
Q

Usually done for drugs with a very narrow therapeutic range

A

Therapeutic drug monitoring

112
Q

The time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug in the body to be removed

A

Half life

113
Q

Number of half lives that is considered as steady state

A

4-5 Half lives

114
Q

The time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response

A

Onset

115
Q

The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response

A

Peak

116
Q

The time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response

A

Duration

117
Q

Type of therapy: Give the drug once to relieve pain

A

Acute therapy

118
Q

Type of therapy: Taken regularly to control the blood pressure, or blood levels

A

Maintenance therapy

119
Q

Type of therapy: Replace something that the patient does not have (ex. Insulin)

A

Supplemental therapy

120
Q

Type of therapy: Maintain comfort for the patient, not treating the condition anymore

A

Palliative therapy

121
Q

Type of therapy:Supports and maintains body functions, but not necessarily treat the condition

A

Supportive therapy

122
Q

Type of therapy: Drugs given so that certain conditions would not recur

A

Prophylactic therapy

123
Q

Type of therapy: Drugs used based on actions, rather than scientific evidence.

A

Empiric therapy

124
Q

The ratio between a drug’s therapeutic benefits and its toxic effects

A

Therapeutic index

125
Q

The ratio between a drug’s therapeutic benefits and its toxic effects

A

Therapeutic index

126
Q

A decreasing response to repetitive drug doses

A

Tolerance

127
Q

A physiologic or psychological need for a drug

A

Dependence

128
Q

Drug interactions: the alteration of action of a drug by:

A
  • Other prescribed drugs
  • Over-the-counter medications
  • Herbal Therapies
129
Q

Drug interactions:

A

Additive effect
Synergistic effect
Antagonistic effect
Incompatibility

130
Q

What are the Five Rights of Medication Administration?

A

○ Right drug
○ Right dose
○ Right time
○ Right route
○ Right patient

131
Q

Always_____ the entire “system” of medication administration. This involves ordering, dispensing, preparing, administering, documenting

A

double check

132
Q

Other “rights” : (familiarize)

A

● Proper drug storage
● Proper documentation
● Accurate dosage calculation
● Accurate dosage preparation
● Careful checking of transcription of orders
● Patient safety
● Close consideration of special situations
● Prevention and reporting of medication errors
● Patient teaching
● Monitoring for therapeutic effects, side effects, toxic effects
● Refusal of medication

133
Q

What is the relevance of medication shapes?

A

It’s just that it can help differentiate your drug from other manufacturers’ drugs. (For tablets taken orally)

134
Q

What are the drugs that are commonly enteric coated?

A

Aspirin

135
Q

How long does a medication need to be taken before it acquires a toxic effect?

A

It becomes toxic, for example, if it exceeds the patient’s ability to metabolize the drug

136
Q

What if the dose you take is much more than what can be handled by the liver?

A

you saturate the enzymes that act to break it down, then you’re going to have toxicity.

137
Q

What happens if we crush the tablet and mix it with water or milk? Will it still remain effective or still have the same effects?

A

There are certain drugs that you cannot mix with certain foods. Most likely, marami pwede pero ‘di lahat.

138
Q

What is the reason why enteric-coated drugs are given?

A

to prevent gastric irritation

139
Q

Is there an effect whether the drug is synthetically produced or naturally based?

A

if they have the same chemical structure, there will be no difference in the degree of effectivity.

N5: Pharmacology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions