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Corsci > Lesson 3: Deformation of the crust > Flashcards

Lesson 3: Deformation of the crust Flashcards

1
Q

forces tending to compress, pull apart or deform a rock

A

stress

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2
Q

squeezing, decreased volume
plates moving together (type of stress force)

A

compressive stresss

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3
Q

stretching, increased volume
plates moving apart (type of stress force)

A

tensional stress

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4
Q

change in shape
plates sliding past each other (type of stress force)

A

shear stress

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5
Q

adjustment to stress

A

strain

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6
Q

returns to original shape (strain type)

A

elastic strain

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7
Q
  • molded or bent
  • do not return to original shape (strain type)
A

plastic strain

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8
Q

rock cracks or breaks (strain type)

A

fracture strain

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9
Q

note: when drawing types of stresses, it is just one rock for compression, and tension. shearing looks like plate boundaries

A

if u remember, then nice

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10
Q

note: when drawing types of stresses, it is just one rock for compression, and tension. shearing looks like plate boundaries

A

if u remember, then nice

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11
Q

amount of force per unit area on a given material

A

stress

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12
Q

The process by which the shape of a rock changes in response to stress is called _____

A

deformation

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13
Q

defined as a bend in rock that is the response to
compressional forces
Most visible in rocks that have layering

A

fold

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14
Q

For plastic deformation to happen, there are lotsa factors. One is: pressure must not exceed the internal strength of the rock. If it does, ______occurs

A

fracturing

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15
Q

resulting deformation

A

strain

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16
Q

cause of deformation

A

stress

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17
Q

types of deformation
recoverable, small amounts of strain, doesn’t happen to rocks

A

Elastic

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18
Q

types of deformation
permanent; rocks flow as movement occurs along small structural defects.

A

Plastic

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19
Q

types of deformation
rock moves in opposite directions on either side of a break

A

rupture

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20
Q

what are the two main types of deformation?

A

Deformation by flow
Brittle deformation

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21
Q

site where rocks are exposed at the surface (honestly, this probs won’t appear in the exam)

A

outcrop

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22
Q

the angle of inclination of the bedding surface down off the horizontal

A

Dip

23
Q

the trend or direction of the strata or the bearing of any horizontal line on the plane perpendicular to the direction of dip

A

Strike

24
Q

– wavelike undulations caused by bending of rocks usually produced by horizontal compressive stresses
– occurs at great depths inside the Earth under great temperatures and pressures

A

folds (2nd definition)

25
Q

a plane through a rock fold that includes the axis-divides the fold as symmetrically as possible

A

Axial plane

26
Q

the ridge or place of sharpest folding

A

axis

27
Q

1 of 2 parts of the fold-on either side of axis

A

limb

28
Q

angle that fold axis makes with the horizontal

A

plunge

29
Q

types of folds: arching or upwarping of rock layers

A

anticline

30
Q

types of folds: down warping of rock layers

A

Syncline

31
Q

types of folds: double flexure of rock layers

A

Monocline

32
Q

types of folds: non-linear, anticlinal fold-beds dip away from central area in all directions

A

dome

33
Q

types of folds: non - linear, synclinal fold-beds dip towards central area from all directions

A

basin

34
Q

dips of opposite limbs of fold are approximately equal

A

symmetrical

35
Q

asymmetrical fold with one limb tilted beyond vertical

A

Overturned

36
Q

overturned fold with a horizontal axis

A

Recumbent

37
Q

axis of fold penetrates into ground

A

Plunging

38
Q

breaks in rock mass with no appreciable relative movement of rocks on opposite sides of break

A

Joints

39
Q

breaks in rock mass where appreciable movement of rocks on opposite sides of the break has occurred

A

faults

40
Q

block of rock immediately above fault surface

A

hanging wall

41
Q

block of rock immediately below fault surface

A

Footwall

42
Q

a fold in which the oldest rock layers are in the center of the fold

A

anticline

43
Q

a fold in which the youngest rock layers are in the center of the fold

A

syncline

44
Q

develops if the center of the fold moves from being once vertical to a horizontal position

A

recumbent fold

45
Q

Extreme stress and pressure can sometimes cause the rocks to shear along a plane of weakness creating a

A

fault

46
Q

combination of a fault and a fold

A

overthrust fold

47
Q

up or down movement of two blocks

A

dip-slip faults

48
Q

for drawing

A

when drawing right lateral transform faults, the top will be the one leaning towards the right side

49
Q

deformation in the crust can either be ______ or ______

A

abrupt or gradual (creep)

50
Q

sloping sides of a fold

A

limbs

51
Q

bend where the two limbs meet

A

hinge

52
Q

occur when tensional forces act in opposite directions and cause one slab of the rock to be displaced up and the other slab down

A

normal

53
Q

On a graben fault causes

A

rift valleys

Corsci (6 decks)

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