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Corsci > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

internal forces which derive their strength from the earth’s interior and play a crucial role in shaping the earth crust.

A

Endogenic forces

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2
Q

Examples of endogenic forces

A

mountain building forces, continent building forces, earthquakes, volcanism etc

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3
Q

mainly land building forces

A

endogenic forces

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4
Q

main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes

A

energy emanating from within the earth

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5
Q

This energy is mostly generated by ________, ________ and __________ and __________

A

radioactivity, rotational, tidal friction, primordial heat

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6
Q

forces which derive their strength from the earth’s exterior or are originated within the earth’s atmosphere.

A
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7
Q

Examples of exogenic forces

A

Wind, waves, water

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8
Q

Examples of exogenic processes

A

Weathering
Mass movement
Erosion
Deposition

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9
Q

Mainly land wearing forces

A

Exogenic forces

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10
Q

Breaking of rocks on the earth’s surface by different agents like wind, sea, and glaciers

A

Weathering

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11
Q

Examples of geomorphic agents

A

Running water
Groundwater
Glaciers
The wind
Waves
Currents

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12
Q

A force applied on earth’s materials affecting the same

A

Geomorphic processes

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13
Q

A mobile medium (like running water, moving ice masses, wind, currents, etc.) which removes, transports and deposit earth materials

A

Geomorphic agents

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14
Q

Movements in the earth’s crust caused by the endogenic or exogenic forces

A

Earth movements

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15
Q

Earth movements are also termed as

A

Tectonic movements

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16
Q

Tectonic is derived from ‘Tekton’, Greek for?

A

Builders

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17
Q

Responsible for building up landforms

A

Earth movements
Tectonic movements

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18
Q

Processes which occur on earth’s surface due to the influence of exogenic forces are called

A

Exogenic forces or exogenic geomorphic forces

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19
Q

Weathering, mass wasting, erosion,
and deposition are the main exogenic processes. All the exogenic processes are covered under a
general term-

A

Denudation

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20
Q

Meaning of denudation

A

strip off or uncovers

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21
Q

The action of elements of weather and climate over earth material.
It can be defined mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks through the actions of various elements of weather and climate

A

Weathering

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22
Q

Some minerals are removed, soo the minerals increase and make it more valuable. True or false?

A

True

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23
Q

Physical or mechanical weathering processes depend on some applied forces.
The applied forces could be:

A

gravitational forces
expansion force
water pressure

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24
Q

gravitational forces? bc of physical/mechanical weathering

A

overburden pressure, load, and shearing stress

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25
Q

expansion forces due to? bc of physical/mechanical weathering

A

temperature changes, crystal growth or animal activity

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26
Q
  • Removal of overlying rock load because of continued erosion causes vertical pressure release.
  • Thus, the upper layers of the remaining rock expand to produce disintegration of rock masses.
  • Fractures will develop roughly parallel to the ground surface.
A

Unloading and expansion

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27
Q
  • In areas of curved ground surfaces, arched fractures tend to produce massive sheets
A

exfoliated slabs

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28
Q

_________is a result but not a process. Flaking off of more or less curved sheets of shells from
over rocks or bedrocks results in smooth and rounded surfaces.

A

Exfoliation

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29
Q

So, unloading and expansion create large, smooth rounded domes called ____

A

exfoliation domes

30
Q

smooth surfaced and rounded small to big boulders called _______ form due to such exfoliation

A

tors

31
Q
  • With rising in temperature, every mineral expands and pushes against its neighbor and as the temperature falls, a corresponding contraction takes place.
  • Due to differential heating and the resulting expansion and contraction of surface layers and their subsequent exfoliation from the surface results in smooth rounded surfaces in rocks.
A

Temperature changes and expansion

32
Q

Cycles of freezing and thawing (the weather becomes warmer and causes snow and ice to melt)
causes

A

frost weathering

33
Q

Where is frost weathering most effective?

A

high elevations in mid-latitude where freezing and melting is often repeated

34
Q

explain freezing, thawing, and frost wedging (frost weathering)

A

Rapid freezing of water causes its sudden expansion and high pressure. The resulting expansion affects joints, cracks, and small intergranular fractures to become wider and wider till the rock breaks apart.

35
Q

Salts in rocks expand due to thermal action, hydration and crystallization.

A

Salt weathering

36
Q

Example of salts that expand

A

calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium and barium

37
Q

_______ is the most effective of all
salt weathering processes. It is favored in
areas of alternative wetting and drying
conditions

A

Salt crystallization

38
Q

can be due to solution, carbonation, hydration or oxidation/reduction.

A

Chemical weathering

39
Q

When something is dissolved in water or acids, the water or acid with dissolved content is called

A

solution

40
Q

This process involves removal of solids in solution and depends upon the solubility of a mineral in
water or weak acids

A

solution

41
Q

how solution works

A
  • coming into contact with water, lotsa solids disintegrate
  • so that forms minerals like nitrates, sulphates, potassium etc
42
Q
  • occurs in rainy
  • common salt is also a rock forming mineral and is susceptible to this process
A

extra info on solution

43
Q

the reaction of carbonate and bicarbonate with minerals and is common process helping to break down of feldspar and carbonate minerals

A

Carbonation

44
Q

how does carbonation happen?

A

CO2 from everywhere absorbed by water forms carbonic acid, which is weak
- results in cave formation

45
Q

chemical addition of water

A

Hydration

46
Q

how hydration work?

A
  • Minerals take up water and expand –> increase in the volume of the material itself or rock.
  • The process is reversible and long, repetition –> disintegrate
  • calcium sulphate takes in water and turns to gypsum, which is more unstable than calcium sulphate
47
Q

means a combination of a mineral with oxygen to form oxides or hydroxides

A

Oxidation and reduction

48
Q

Minerals most commonly involved in oxidation is?

A

iron, manganese, Sulphur, etc

49
Q

how oxidation work?

A

rock breakdown occurs due to the disturbance caused by the addition of oxygen (that’s why OXidation)
- btw, without oxygen, but there is oxidized minerals, reduction happens

50
Q

several biological activities like growth or movements of organisms

A

Biological weathering

51
Q

biological weathering, how it works?

A
  • nature
  • they bring in conditions for physical or chemical weathering
52
Q

When these smaller pieces (from weathering), called pebbles, sand, or soil, begin to move by natural
forces, it is called ______

A

Erosion

53
Q

Erosion can happen either supa fast or supa slow, like millions of years slow.

A

omoidashite

54
Q

Main cause of erosion

A

water

55
Q

Two other main forces of erosion? (dw this is minor)

A

wind
ice

56
Q

glaciers slowly move, carving out valleys —> that is ____

A

erosion too :D

57
Q

once the movement of sediment, such as pebbles, sand, mud or even boulders reach their final destinations, it is called _______

A

deposition

58
Q

types of weathering?

A

mechanical
chemical
biological

59
Q

Erosion also affects the level of sorting– what is sorting?

A

separating of items into groups according to one or more properties, in this case, it’s size

60
Q

When sediment has been moved a lot by wind or waves, it is ____

A

well-sorted

61
Q

intriguing landforms are found along coastlines

A

Sea Stacks

62
Q

Landforms produced by erosion are often tall, jagged structures with several exposed layers of rock

A

fun fact

63
Q
  • The Tepees in the Painted Desert of Arizona
A

erosion ex.

64
Q

Landforms created by deposition are often

A

flat and low-lying.

65
Q

An apron of sediment, called an ________, often forms where a stream flows from a steep, narrow canyon onto a flat plain at the foot of a mountain.

A

alluvial fan

66
Q

produces ice-carved features in mountains, like jagged mountain peaks and u-shaped valleys

A

Glacial Erosion

67
Q

cause of coastal erosion

A

Currents and waves

68
Q

a large deposit of sediment that forms where a stream enters a large body of water

A

delta

69
Q

the grinding away of rock or other surfaces as particles carried by wind, water, or ice scrape against them

A

abrasion

70
Q

a pile of windblown sand

A

dune

71
Q

Structures in caves that form by deposition from cave ceilings and floors are

A

stalactites and stalagmites

Corsci (6 decks)

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