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Corsci > Lesson 2: Endogenic process > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Endogenic process Flashcards

1
Q

Endogenic forces a can be classified as ____ and ____

A

slow movements (diastrophic) and sudden
movements

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2
Q

how does slow movements affect earth

A

changes very gradually which might not be visible during a human lifetime

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE :DDDD
Metamorphism is not a part of endogenic forces

A

false

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4
Q

responsible for shaping the earth’s relief and the formation of many of the important mineral resources

A

Endogenic processes

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5
Q

principal energy sources for endogenic processes

A
  • heat
  • the redistribution of material in the earth’s interior according to density
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6
Q

where does earth’s heat originate from?

A

radiation

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7
Q

refer to forces generated by the movement of the solid material of the earth’s crust.

A

Diastrophic forces

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8
Q

All the processes that move, elevate or build portions of the earth’s crust come under ______

A

diastrophism

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9
Q

slow movements are also called

A

diastrophic forces

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10
Q

mountain building through severe folding and affecting long and narrow belts of the earth’s crust

A

orogenic processes

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11
Q

uplift or warping of large parts of the earth’s crust

A

Epeirogenic processes

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12
Q

local relatively minor movements

A

Earthquakes

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13
Q

horizontal movements of crustal plates

A

Plate tectonics

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14
Q

mainly associated with the formation of continents and plateaus

A

Vertical movements or epeirogenic movements

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15
Q

broad central parts of continents,

A

craton

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16
Q

Which one brings a change to the horizontal rock strata? Vertical (epeirogenic) or horizontal (orogenic)?

A

Oro

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17
Q

This movement causes the upliftment of continent, and the subsidence of continent

A

epe

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18
Q

where did epeirogenic movements originate from?

A

CENTER OF EARTH

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19
Q

act on the earth’s crust from side to side to cause these movements

A

Horizontal forces

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20
Q

horizontal movements or forces are also called ____

A

oro

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21
Q

Two classifications of orogenic forces

A

forces of compression and forces of tension

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22
Q

The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates known as

A

Lithospheric plates

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23
Q

How fast do lithospheric plates move?

A

very slowly – just a few millimeters each year

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24
Q

When the Lithospheric plates move, the surface of the earth vibrates. The vibrations can travel all round the earth. These vibrations are called ______

A

earthquakes

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25
Q

The place in the crust where the movement starts is called ______. It is also the initial point where the rocks rupture in the crust

A

focus

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26
Q

The place on the surface above the focus is called the

A

epicenter

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27
Q

Vibrations travel outwards from the epicenter as

A

waves

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28
Q

Two internal heat sources or earth?

A

Primordial heat, Radioactive heat

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29
Q

heat from accretion and bombardment of the Earth during the early stages of formation.

A

Primordial heat

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30
Q

(the heat generated by long-term radioactive decay): its main sources are the four long-lived isotopes (large half-life), namely K40, Th232, U235 and U238 that made a continuing heat source over geologic time

A

Radioactive heat

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31
Q

temp of Core-mantle boundary

A

3,700°C

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32
Q

temp of Inner-core – outer-core boundary

A

6,300°C±800°C

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33
Q

heat of Earth’s center

A

6,400°C±600°C

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34
Q

how does earth’s heat get Redistributed

A

Simultaneous conduction, convection and radiation

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35
Q

how does heat gets transferred in the transition zones?

A

conduction

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36
Q

convection happens in which two places?

A

mantle, sea-floor spreading zones

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37
Q

how magma made?

A
  • decrease in pressure (decompression melting)
  • addition of volatiles (flux melting)
  • rising magma (heat transfer melting)
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38
Q

An ___________ is sudden ground movement caused by the sudden release of energy stored in rocks

A

earthquake

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39
Q

Stresses build on both sides of a fault, causing the rocks to deform plastically (Time 2). When the stresses become too great, the rocks break and end up in a different location (Time 3). This releases the built up energy and creates an earthquake.

A

Elastic rebound theory

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40
Q

what theory explains how earthquakes work?

A

Elastic Rebound Theory

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41
Q

which earthquakes cause more damage, shallow or deep?

A

shallow

42
Q

earthquakes travel in ______

A

waves

43
Q

high point of wave?

A

crest

44
Q

low point of wave?

A

trough

45
Q

The height of a wave from the centerline to its crest is its

A

amplitude

46
Q

The distance between waves from crest to crest (or trough to trough)

A

wavelength

47
Q

The study of seismic waves is known as

A

seismology

48
Q

Two types of seismic waves are most useful for learning about Earth’s interior. What are they?

A

body waves, and surface waves

49
Q

2 types of body waves

A

P-waves and S-waves

50
Q

why they called body waves?

A

they move through the solid body of the Earth

51
Q

travels through solids, liquids, and gases

A

P-waves

52
Q

only move through solids

A

s-waves

53
Q

only travel along Earth’s surface

A

duh

54
Q

which do more damage? body or surface waves?

A

surface

55
Q
  • are fastest, traveling at about 6 to 7 kilometers (about 4 miles) per second
  • arrive first at the seismometer
A

p-wavess

56
Q

what type of motion do p-waves move

A

compression/expansion

57
Q

P-wave shadow zone what is it

A

liquid outer core, so they slow down cuz they move faster in rigid material

58
Q
  • about half as fast as P-waves, traveling at about 3.5 km (2 miles) per second
  • arrive second at seismographs
A

S-waves

59
Q

how s-waves move

A

up and down motion perpendicular to
the direction of wave travel

60
Q

why s-waves cant move through liquid

A

CUZ U CANT SHIMMY LIQUID

61
Q

travel along the ground, outward from an earthquake’s epicenter

A

surface waves

62
Q

slowest of all seismic waves, traveling at 2.5 km (1.5 miles) per second

A

surface waves

63
Q

two types of surface waves

A

love waves, and rayleigh waves

64
Q

which waves does seismometer detect?

A

p-wave
s-wave
surface wave

65
Q

used to pinpoint epicenter and focues

A

triangulation

66
Q

relative amount of energy released during an earthquake

A

magnitude

67
Q

each different scale in the magnitude scale is ____ times more intense than the previous

A

32

68
Q

developed by charles richter

A

magnitude

69
Q

developed intensity scale

A

Giuseppe Mercalli

70
Q

amt of dmg done to diff places scale

A

mercalli scale

71
Q

largest recorded earthquake (acc. to slideshow)

A

8.6, but i read somewhere that a 9.4 - 9.6 earthquake happened ;-;

72
Q

source of primordial heat

A

accretion energy
adiabatic compression
core formation energy

73
Q

heat released from collision of planetary objects during the early formation of planets

A

accretion energy

74
Q

heat generated as materials are compressed

A

adiabatic compression

75
Q

heat from the earth’s core

A

core formation energy

76
Q

happens when magme generated and develops into igneous rocks

A

magmatism

77
Q

where magma form

A

mid-oceanic ridges
mantle plumes
subduction zones

78
Q

the rising magma in mantle convection cell brings heat to the surface transferring heat to the overlying rocks
- accompanied with decompression cuz plates moving apart

A

mid-oceanic ridges

79
Q

mantle plumes go between convection currents

A

just remember :D

80
Q

breathe

A

look to Him

81
Q

formed along spreading centers, typically beneath several km of sea water

A

subduction zones

82
Q

higher pressure, higher _______ of rock

A

melting point

83
Q

water lowers melting point of rocks

A

mhmm

84
Q

magma is classified based on

A

composition

85
Q

how is the viscosity of magma

A

depends on composition

86
Q

3 types of magma

A

basaltic
andesitic
rhyolitic

87
Q

Composition of magma, how many main elements

A

8
(in order of importance: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium)

88
Q

how magma rise up?

A

density contrast
viscosity

89
Q

remember: high viscosity means thicker, low viscosity means more liquidy

A

:DD

90
Q

high temp –> low viscosity
high silica –> ________
__________ –> low viscosity

A

high viscosity

91
Q

the process of creating one or more secondary magmas from single parent magma

A

Magmatic differentiation

92
Q

a chemical process by which the composition of a liquid, such as magma, changes due to crystallization

A

crystal fractionation

93
Q

denser minerals crystallize first and settle down while the lighter minerals crystallize at the latter stages

A

Common mechanism for crystal fractionation is crystal settling

94
Q

what describes the melting of minerals

A

bowen’s reaction series

95
Q

Partial melting of an ultramafic rock in the mantle produces

A

basaltic magma

96
Q

The different magmatic differentiation processes

A

Crystal Fractionation
Partial Melting
Magma mixing

97
Q

low viscosity, low silica, high iron and low volatile (H2O) contents

A

basalt and basaltic magma

98
Q

form when hot rocks in the mantle slowly rise and encounter lower pressures. This leads to decompression melting (melting due to reduced pressures)

A

basalt and basaltic magma

99
Q

high silica, low iron and high volatile (H2O) contents

A

Rhyolite and rhyolitic magma

100
Q

The silica, iron and volatile (H2O) contents and viscosity are intermediate between basalt and rhyolite

A

Andesite and andesitic magma

101
Q

how do andesitic and rhyolitic magma differ?

A

they are created the same way but have different silica, iron, and volatile contents

Corsci (6 decks)

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