Lesson 2: Endogenic process Flashcards
Endogenic forces a can be classified as ____ and ____
slow movements (diastrophic) and sudden
movements
how does slow movements affect earth
changes very gradually which might not be visible during a human lifetime
TRUE OR FALSE :DDDD
Metamorphism is not a part of endogenic forces
false
responsible for shaping the earth’s relief and the formation of many of the important mineral resources
Endogenic processes
principal energy sources for endogenic processes
- heat
- the redistribution of material in the earth’s interior according to density
where does earth’s heat originate from?
radiation
refer to forces generated by the movement of the solid material of the earth’s crust.
Diastrophic forces
All the processes that move, elevate or build portions of the earth’s crust come under ______
diastrophism
slow movements are also called
diastrophic forces
mountain building through severe folding and affecting long and narrow belts of the earth’s crust
orogenic processes
uplift or warping of large parts of the earth’s crust
Epeirogenic processes
local relatively minor movements
Earthquakes
horizontal movements of crustal plates
Plate tectonics
mainly associated with the formation of continents and plateaus
Vertical movements or epeirogenic movements
broad central parts of continents,
craton
Which one brings a change to the horizontal rock strata? Vertical (epeirogenic) or horizontal (orogenic)?
Oro
This movement causes the upliftment of continent, and the subsidence of continent
epe
where did epeirogenic movements originate from?
CENTER OF EARTH
act on the earth’s crust from side to side to cause these movements
Horizontal forces
horizontal movements or forces are also called ____
oro
Two classifications of orogenic forces
forces of compression and forces of tension
The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates known as
Lithospheric plates
How fast do lithospheric plates move?
very slowly – just a few millimeters each year
When the Lithospheric plates move, the surface of the earth vibrates. The vibrations can travel all round the earth. These vibrations are called ______
earthquakes
The place in the crust where the movement starts is called ______. It is also the initial point where the rocks rupture in the crust
focus
The place on the surface above the focus is called the
epicenter
Vibrations travel outwards from the epicenter as
waves
Two internal heat sources or earth?
Primordial heat, Radioactive heat
heat from accretion and bombardment of the Earth during the early stages of formation.
Primordial heat
(the heat generated by long-term radioactive decay): its main sources are the four long-lived isotopes (large half-life), namely K40, Th232, U235 and U238 that made a continuing heat source over geologic time
Radioactive heat
temp of Core-mantle boundary
3,700°C
temp of Inner-core – outer-core boundary
6,300°C±800°C
heat of Earth’s center
6,400°C±600°C
how does earth’s heat get Redistributed
Simultaneous conduction, convection and radiation
how does heat gets transferred in the transition zones?
conduction
convection happens in which two places?
mantle, sea-floor spreading zones
how magma made?
- decrease in pressure (decompression melting)
- addition of volatiles (flux melting)
- rising magma (heat transfer melting)
An ___________ is sudden ground movement caused by the sudden release of energy stored in rocks
earthquake
Stresses build on both sides of a fault, causing the rocks to deform plastically (Time 2). When the stresses become too great, the rocks break and end up in a different location (Time 3). This releases the built up energy and creates an earthquake.
Elastic rebound theory
what theory explains how earthquakes work?
Elastic Rebound Theory
which earthquakes cause more damage, shallow or deep?
shallow
earthquakes travel in ______
waves
high point of wave?
crest
low point of wave?
trough
The height of a wave from the centerline to its crest is its
amplitude
The distance between waves from crest to crest (or trough to trough)
wavelength
The study of seismic waves is known as
seismology
Two types of seismic waves are most useful for learning about Earth’s interior. What are they?
body waves, and surface waves
2 types of body waves
P-waves and S-waves
why they called body waves?
they move through the solid body of the Earth
travels through solids, liquids, and gases
P-waves
only move through solids
s-waves
only travel along Earth’s surface
duh
which do more damage? body or surface waves?
surface
- are fastest, traveling at about 6 to 7 kilometers (about 4 miles) per second
- arrive first at the seismometer
p-wavess
what type of motion do p-waves move
compression/expansion
P-wave shadow zone what is it
liquid outer core, so they slow down cuz they move faster in rigid material
- about half as fast as P-waves, traveling at about 3.5 km (2 miles) per second
- arrive second at seismographs
S-waves
how s-waves move
up and down motion perpendicular to
the direction of wave travel
why s-waves cant move through liquid
CUZ U CANT SHIMMY LIQUID
travel along the ground, outward from an earthquake’s epicenter
surface waves
slowest of all seismic waves, traveling at 2.5 km (1.5 miles) per second
surface waves
two types of surface waves
love waves, and rayleigh waves
which waves does seismometer detect?
p-wave
s-wave
surface wave
used to pinpoint epicenter and focues
triangulation
relative amount of energy released during an earthquake
magnitude
each different scale in the magnitude scale is ____ times more intense than the previous
32
developed by charles richter
magnitude
developed intensity scale
Giuseppe Mercalli
amt of dmg done to diff places scale
mercalli scale
largest recorded earthquake (acc. to slideshow)
8.6, but i read somewhere that a 9.4 - 9.6 earthquake happened ;-;
source of primordial heat
accretion energy
adiabatic compression
core formation energy
heat released from collision of planetary objects during the early formation of planets
accretion energy
heat generated as materials are compressed
adiabatic compression
heat from the earth’s core
core formation energy
happens when magme generated and develops into igneous rocks
magmatism
where magma form
mid-oceanic ridges
mantle plumes
subduction zones
the rising magma in mantle convection cell brings heat to the surface transferring heat to the overlying rocks
- accompanied with decompression cuz plates moving apart
mid-oceanic ridges
mantle plumes go between convection currents
just remember :D
breathe
look to Him
formed along spreading centers, typically beneath several km of sea water
subduction zones
higher pressure, higher _______ of rock
melting point
water lowers melting point of rocks
mhmm
magma is classified based on
composition
how is the viscosity of magma
depends on composition
3 types of magma
basaltic
andesitic
rhyolitic
Composition of magma, how many main elements
8
(in order of importance: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium)
how magma rise up?
density contrast
viscosity
remember: high viscosity means thicker, low viscosity means more liquidy
:DD
high temp –> low viscosity
high silica –> ________
__________ –> low viscosity
high viscosity
the process of creating one or more secondary magmas from single parent magma
Magmatic differentiation
a chemical process by which the composition of a liquid, such as magma, changes due to crystallization
crystal fractionation
denser minerals crystallize first and settle down while the lighter minerals crystallize at the latter stages
Common mechanism for crystal fractionation is crystal settling
what describes the melting of minerals
bowen’s reaction series
Partial melting of an ultramafic rock in the mantle produces
basaltic magma
The different magmatic differentiation processes
Crystal Fractionation
Partial Melting
Magma mixing
low viscosity, low silica, high iron and low volatile (H2O) contents
basalt and basaltic magma
form when hot rocks in the mantle slowly rise and encounter lower pressures. This leads to decompression melting (melting due to reduced pressures)
basalt and basaltic magma
high silica, low iron and high volatile (H2O) contents
Rhyolite and rhyolitic magma
The silica, iron and volatile (H2O) contents and viscosity are intermediate between basalt and rhyolite
Andesite and andesitic magma
how do andesitic and rhyolitic magma differ?
they are created the same way but have different silica, iron, and volatile contents
