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Corsci > 2ND QT: Lesson 6 & 7 > Flashcards

2ND QT: Lesson 6 & 7 Flashcards

1
Q

the time line of the History of the Earth, is based from the rock record

A

The Geologic Time Scale

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2
Q

how is geologic time divided?

A

Geologic time is subdivided into hierarchal intervals, the largest being Eon, followed by Era, Period, and Epoch, respectively.

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3
Q

Why are the names of the earth’s history from Europe?

A

they named the blocks of time from towns or other local places where the rock layers that represented
that time were found yuhh

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4
Q

When did the mass extinction event happen?

A

around 66.4 million years ago

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5
Q

what does the mass extinction of dinosaurs mark?

A

boundary between the Mesozoic Era (Age of the Reptiles) and the Cenozoic Era (Age of Mammals).

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6
Q

One of the first to recognize the correspondence of between rocks and time

A

Nicholas Steno (1638-1686)

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7
Q

Steno’s principles, foundation of stratigraphy? no need to memorize

A

superposition, original horizontality, and lateral continuity

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8
Q

One of the earliest attempts to subdivide the rock record into units of time was made by

A

Abraham Gottlob Werner, a German geologist

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9
Q

Werner divided the rock record into the following rock-time units (from oldest to youngest)

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

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10
Q

What did werner use to establish temporal
relationship among the rock units?

A

Principle of Superposition

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11
Q

Fossils are also useful in determining relative ages of rocks. Who noticed this?

A

William “Strata” Smith (1769 –1839)

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12
Q

recognized the utility of fossils in subdividing Geologic Time on the basis of fossils

A

Charles Lyell (1797 – 1875), British Lawyer and Geologist

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13
Q

He was able to subdivide the Tertiary by

A

examining the proportion of living vs. extinct fossils in the rock

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14
Q

The underlying reason for this definite and orderly succession of fossils in the rock record is

A

organic evolution

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15
Q

a sub-discipline of stratigraphy which deals with the use of fossils in correlation and establishing the relative ages of rocks.

A

Biostratigraphy

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16
Q

are marker fossils used to define periods of Geologic Time, and are useful in biostratigraphic correlation.

A

Index Fossils

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17
Q

index fossils are distinctive (can be easily identified and distinguished from other fossils, widespread
(Distribution is not confined to a few locality) and have limited geologic time range.

A

yes, they should be distinct, and widespread, and KJHDSHDKJF

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18
Q

The age of a rock, fossil, or other feature measured relative to another.

A

Relative Dating

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19
Q

The age of a rock in years

A

Absolute Dating (numerical dating)

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20
Q

Object of Relative Dating

A

*To place a geologic event in between two (or more) other geologic events.
*Does not tell the age of the event.
*Keep putting events in time, in relation to other events until the sequence spans geologic history.
*Some events can been seen throughout the world.

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21
Q

distinct layer of sediment

A

Stratum

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22
Q

plural of stratum

A

Strata

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23
Q

– the study of sedimentary layers

A

Stratigraphy

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24
Q

Water-borne sediments are deposited in horizontal layers.

A

.Original Horizontality

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25
Q

– when several layers of sedimentary rock are exposed, the oldest layer is at the
bottom of the pile and the youngest layer is at the top..

A

Superposition

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26
Q
  • A surface within a sequence of layers where no deposition, and possibly
    erosion, took place.
A

Unconformities

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27
Q

a. Disconformity
b. Angular Unconformity
c. Nonconformity

A

extra info on

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28
Q

If a rock fragment is found within another rock type, the fragment is older.

A

Inclusions

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29
Q
  • A rock layer is always older than a feature that cuts through it
A

Cross-cutting Relations

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30
Q

Fossil Correlation

A

a. Based of evolution
b. Also relies of superposition
c. When a species becomes extinct, it does not reappear

31
Q

The spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of an atom.

A

Radioactive decay

32
Q

a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha
particle (two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus) and
transforms (or ‘decays’) into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less

A

Alpha decay

33
Q

a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an
electron or a positron) is emitted

A

beta decay

34
Q

the amount of time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay.
absolute

A

Half-life

35
Q

Characteristics of index fossils are:
–Abundant
–Easily identified
–Geographically widespread
–Occurs in a variety of rock types
–Short stratigraphic range (rapid rates of evolution)

A

:D

36
Q

is the scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of Earth and the processes that
shape it.

A

Geology

37
Q

the principle that states that all geologic change occurs suddenly

A

Catastrophism

38
Q

Supporters of catastrophism thought that Earth’s features, such as mountains and seas,
formed during sudden events called

A

catastrophes

39
Q

established a principle that is now known as
uniformitarianism.

A

James Hutton

40
Q

the idea that the same geologic processes that shape Earth today have been
at work throughout Earth’s history.

A

Uniformitarianism

41
Q

soo, Catastrophism or Uniformitarianism

A

bothh

42
Q

4 eons

A

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and
Phanerozoic

43
Q

Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic eons together are called

A

Precambrian time

44
Q

Precambrian time makes up almost ____ percent of Earth’s history

A

90

45
Q

The Phanerozoic Eon, the present eon, is divided into three eras

A

the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and
Cenozoic.

46
Q

Each era is subdivided into a number of

A

periods

47
Q

periods divided into

A

epochs

48
Q

At least ____ divisions of geologic time have ended in large mass extinction events

A

five

49
Q

Precambrian time began with the

A

formation of Earth about 4.6 billion years ago

50
Q

Toward the end of Precambrian time, where were earth;s land surfaces located?

A

near the poles and
covered in ice.

51
Q

The Paleozoic Era began about

A

540 million years ago

52
Q

The supercontinent _________ was breaking up
and the supercontinent Pangaea began forming.

A

Pannotia

53
Q

Life diversified quickly and dramatically during the ___________, during which most major
groups of organisms first evolved.

A

Cambrian Explosion

54
Q

The era ended about 250 million years ago with a _________________.

A

huge mass extinction event

55
Q

During the Mesozoic Era, which began about 250 million years ago, Pangaea began _________

A

breaking up

56
Q

Life during the Mesozoic was dominated by

A

dinosaurs

57
Q

The Cenozoic Era began about 65 million years ago with the ________________ and
continues to the present.

A

Cretaceous mass extinction

58
Q

Cenozoic period:
___________ split apart from North America and Europe, and the continents assumed their
current positions.

A

Greenland

59
Q

The Indian subcontinent collided with Eurasia to form the

A

Himalayas

60
Q

The collision of Africa and
Europe resulted in the

A

Alps

61
Q

The Cenozoic Era is divided into two periods:

A

the Tertiary and the Quaternary

62
Q

Quaternary stretches from about 2.6 million years ago to the __________.

A

present

63
Q

The Quaternary has been characterized by an

A

ice age, with much of Europe, North America, and
Asia having been covered in thick sheets of ice

64
Q

The evolution of modern humans occurred during the

A

late Quaternary

65
Q

Any remains, trace or imprint of a plant or animal that has been preserved in Earth’s crust during
prehistoric times

A

Fossils

66
Q
  • Animal or plant remains buried quickly
  • Bones, shells, and teeth usually become fossils because they are very hard and don’t rot as quickly as
    softer parts
  • Usually takes millions of years for fossils to form
A

Conditions for fossilization

67
Q

Types of fossilization

A

Replacement
Petrification
Carbonization

68
Q

Bones or shells of organism are eventually broken down, which leaves a mold of the original organism
in the sediment

A

Replacement

69
Q

Mineralized water fills pores and cavities of trees, deposits minerals, turns organic material
into rock slowly

A

Petrification

70
Q

Overlying sediments flatten a plant and turn it into a thin, carbon film

A

Carbonization

71
Q

example of petrification

A

petrified wood

72
Q

NOT all fossils are index fossils

A

Index Fossils

73
Q

If they can be recognized in the rock,
these fossils can be used to correlate rock in one area with rocks in a distant area

A

purpose of index fossilssssss

Corsci (6 decks)

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