LESSON 3 Flashcards
What is the circulatory system responsible for? (6)
(1) it is responsible for transporting throughout the body oxygenated blood from the heart and lungs via the arteries. Then the oxygen-depleted blood is returned to its origin through the veins.
(2) it delivers the oxygen and nutrients to all cells in the human body.
(3) transports carbon dioxide and other wastes to the other organs of the body and away from the cells
(4) it helps in the coagulation process
(5) regulates body temperature
(6) assists the body in fighting diseases.
The circulatory system is made up of two main components:
(1) the cardiovascular system
(2) the lymphatic system
The cardiovascular system is composed of (3)
(1) the heart
(2) blood vessels
(3) blood
The lymphatic system is made up of the:
(1) lymph
(2) lymph nodes
(3) vessels
The heart is a hollow muscular organ that has four chambers:
(1) left atrium
(2) right atrium
(3) left ventricle
(4) right ventricle
The heart is surrounded by a thin, fluid-filled sac called:
pericardium
A human heart is about the same size as that of a:
Person’s clenched fist.
Layers of the Heart (3)
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
DESCRIPTION: thin, watery membrane on the outer layer of the heart
Epicardium
DESCRIPTION: thick layer of cardiac muscles in the middle layer of the heart
Myocardium
DESCRIPTION: thin layer of epithelial cells in the inner layer of the heart
Endocardium
FUNCTION: covers the heart and is attached to the pericardium
Epicardium
FUNCTION: pumps blood into the arteries by contracting
Myocardium
FUNCTION: lines the valves and interior chambers
Endocardium
Chambers of the Heart (4)
- Right Atrium
- Right Ventricle
- Left Atrium
- Left Ventricle
DESCRIPTION: upper right chamber
Right Atrium
DESCRIPTION: lower right chamber
Right Ventricle
DESCRIPTION: upper left chamber
Left Atrium
DEFINITION: lower left chamber
Left Ventricle
Function: receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Right atrium
Function: receives the blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery
Right ventricle
Function: receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle
Left atrium
Function: receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta
Left ventricle
Valves of the Heart (4)
Right AV valve
Left AV valve
Right semilunar valve
Left semilunar valve
DESCRIPTION: tricuspid valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Right AV valve
DESCRIPTION: bicuspid or mitral valve located between the lef atrium and the left ventricle
Left AV valve
DESCRIPTION: pulmonary or pulmonic valve located at the entrance of the pulmonary artery
Right semilunar valve
DESCRIPTION: aortic valve located at the entrance of the aorta
Left semilunar valve
Function: closes as the right ventricle contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the right atrium
Right AV Valve
Function: closes as the left ventricle contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the left atrium
Left AV Valve
Function: closes when the right ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the right ventricle
Right semilunar valve
Function: closes when the left ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the left ventricle
Left semilunar valve
What are the Septa (2)
- Interatrial septum
- Interventicular septum
DESCRIPTION: partition that separates the right from the left
atria
Interatrial septum
DESCRIPTION: separates the right and the left ventricles
Interventicular septum
What is this called?
The heart receives blood supply through the left and right coronary arteries, and the coronary veins return the oxygen-depleted blood from the heart muscle back to the heart.
The coronary circulation
This supplies the blood as well as provides drainage to the tissues.
The coronary circulation
The coronary circulation is composed of (3)
left and right coronary arteries and coronary veins.
Poor circulation could lead to
ischemia
Ischemia is caused by
(1) inadequate supply of oxygen
(2) myocardial infarction or heart attack which may be due to complete obstruction of the coronary artery.
DESCRIPTION: Systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) which lasts about 0.8 seconds
Cardiac Cycle
DESCRIPTION: Sends electric impulses throughout the myocardium which is initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)
Electrical Conduction System
DESCRIPTION: Provides the graphical representation of the cardiac cycle’s activity
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
DESCRIPTION: “Lubb” which is the first sound as the ventricles contract or the AV valves close and “dupp” or the second sound which is heard when the semilunar valves close and the ventricles relax.
Origin of Heart Sounds
DESCRIPTION: The average heart rate is 72 beats per minute (bpm) and the cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped per minute
Heart Rate and Cardiac Output
DESCRIPTION: A rhythmic throbbing resulting from the alternating expansion and contraction of the artery
Pulse
DESCRIPTION: The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the vessel measured by the sphygmomanometer; the difference between the systolic (pressure during contraction) and diastolic (pressure during relaxation)
Blood Pressure
The human heart may have disorders that can be detected and addressed.
(6)
- Angina pectoris
- Aortic stenosis
- Bacterial endocarditis
- Congestive heart failure
- Myocardial infarction
- Pericarditis
List of diagnostic tests for heart disorders: (13)
(1) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
(2) Arterial blood gases (ABG)
(3) Cholesterol
(4) Creatine kinase (CK)
(5) Creatine kinase (CK)-MB
(6) Digoxin
(7) Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
(8) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes
(9) Microbial cultures
(10) Myoglobin
(11) Potassium (K)
(12) Triglycerides
(13) Troponin T (TnT)
The ____ is the loop consisting of a network of blood vessels through which blood is circulated to the rest of the body.
Vascular system
What are the two divisions of the vascular system?
the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation
This moves the blood between the right ventrice of the heart to the lungs.
The pulmonary circulation
During the process, oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released, after which, the oxygenated blood flows back to the left atrium of the heart. Which circulation is this?
The pulmonary circulation
This moves the oxygenated blood and nutrients from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body.
The systemic circulation
The deoxygenated blood with carbon dioxide and wastes flows back to the right atrium.
Which circulation is this?
The systematic circulation
Structure of the Vascular System (5)
a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Veins
d. Venules
e. Capillaries
Thick-walled blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body
Arteries
Small-diameter blood vessels that branch out from the arteries and lead to the capillaries
Arterioles
Tubes with thin walls that carry deoxygenated blood from tissues to the heart
Veins
Very small veins that collect blood from the capillaries
Venules
Fine hair-like blood vessels that connect arterioles and veins
Capillaries
Blood Vessel Structure (3)
a. Layers
b. Lumen
c. Valves
the blood vessels have three layers:
(1) tunica adventitia (outer connective tissue)
(2) tunica media (middle, muscle and elastic fiber)
(3) tunica intima (inner, endothelial cell).
The space inside the blood vessel where the blood flows.
Lumen
Found in the veins, these are thin membranous leaflets that prevent the backflow of blood.
Valves
The pathway for the blood flow of the human body consists of (3)
(1) arteries
(2) veins
(3) capillaries
These allow the transport of oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body and also make it possible to remove carbon dioxide and other waste materials of metabolism.
(1) arteries
(2) veins
(3) capillaries
Disorders of the Vascular System(10)
- Aneurysm
- Arteriosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis
- Embolism
- Embolus
- Hemorrhoids
- Phlebitis
- Thrombophlebitis
- Thrombus
- Varicose veins
Diagnostic Tests in Vascular System (6)
(1) D-dimer
(2) Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
(3) Lipoproteins
(4) Prothrombin time (PT)
(5) Partial thromboplastin time (PTT/APTT)
(6) Triglycerides
DISORDER: enlargement of the artery due to the weakening of the artery wall
Aneurysm
DISORDER: hardening of the artery wall due to aging
Arteriosclerosis
DISORDER: formation of plaques in the inner walls
Atherosclerosis
DISORDER: clot or bubble that causes obstruction of an artery
Embolism
DISORDER: obstruction that is carried and lodged in a vessel
Embolus
DISORDER: swollen veins in the area of the anus
Hemorrhoids
DISORDER: inflammation of the veins particularly the wall
Phlebitis
DISORDER: swelling of the veins of the legs that usually occurs during pregnancy
Thrombophlebitis
DISORDER: blood clot that impedes blood flow
Thrombus
DISORDER: usually found in the legs, these are veins that have been twisted and enlarged
Varicose veins
It is the red fluid that is transported throughout the body via the circulatory system.
Blood
What are the two types of blood?
(1) Arterial blood
(2) Venous blood
BLOOD: oxygen and nutrients are carried to the tissues
(1) Arterial blood
BLOOD: carbon dioxide and metabolic by-products are carried to the lungs and kidneys for removal from the body.
Venous blood
It is a clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the blood which is 90% water.
Plasma
Plasma contains gases:
(O2, CO2, N), minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg), carbs and lipids, proteins, etc.
The human blood is composed of:
(1) plasma
(2) other formed elements.
The formed elements are:
(1) cells
(2) cell remnants
(3) cell fragments found in the human blood.
In the human blood, there are three types of cells:
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Thrombocytes (platelets)
This carry O2 and CO2 and are produced in the bone marrow.
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Is formed in the marrow and the lymphatic tissue. They neutralize pathogens. The two types are granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Are pieces of very large cells in the bone marrow that help form blood clots.
Thrombocytes (platelets)
The human blood type is inherited and determined by the ____ on the surface of the red blood cells.
antigens
The blood contains or can develop _____ directed at the opposite blood type.
Antibodies
Blood type match is important especially during blood transfusion because the wrong type could _____ the red blood cells.
Agglutinate
When a doctor mentions blood type, he/she is referring to a person’s—
ABO blood group system or Rhesus (Rh) factor
This is a system of classifying human blood by the presence of antigens A and B and based on the antigenic components found on the surface of the red blood cells.
ABO Blood Group System
ABO Blood Group system of classification is of primary importance in obstetrics because of the?
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
This is necessary to determine the compatibility of the donor’s blood with the recipient’s blood because an individual who does not produce the D antigen will produce anti-D which could be fatal if it encounters the D antigen.
Cross matching
There are three blood specimens that are collected for testing purposes:
(1) serum
(2) plasma
(3) whole blood.
It is the fluid part of the blood that is left after clotting because it does not have fibrinogen. This can be separated by centrifugation.
Serum
This refers to the fluid portion that is separated by centrifugation from the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It has fibrinogen and could be collected using an anticoagulant tube. It is also collected in cases where serum could not be used.
Plasma
It is the same as blood in the bloodstream and it should neither clot nor separate. Just like plasma, it could be collected using the anticoagulant tube and must be mixed for a minimum of 2 minutes prior to testing.
The whole blood
Blood Disorders (8)
- Anemia
- Leukemia
- Urinary tract infection
- Leukocytosis
- Leukopenia
- Polycythemia
- Thrombocytosis
- Thrombocytopenia
BLOOD DISORDERS: caused by not having enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin
Anemia
BLOOD DISORDERS: cancer of the blood; the formation of abnormal tissues or cells in the bone marrow or the lymphatic system
Leukemia
BLOOD DISORDERS: shown by high number of leukocytes
Urinary tract infection
BLOOD DISORDERS: increased number of white blood cells in the blood
due to illness or infection
Leukocytosis
BLOOD DISORDERS: reduced number of white cells in the blood
Leukopenia
BLOOD DISORDERS: the marrow produces too many red blood cells resulting in the thickening of blood
Polycythemia
BLOOD DISORDERS: the body produces too many platelets (thrombocytes) which affect the blood clotting
Thrombocytosis
BLOOD DISORDERS: characterized by low platelet count
Thrombocytopenia
Diagnostic Tests for Blood (15)
• ABO and RH type
• Bone marrow examination
. Complete blood count (CBC)
. Cross-matching
• Differential (diff) count
• Eosinophil (Eos) count
•Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
• Ferritin
• Hematocrit (Hct)
• Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb)
• Hemogram
• Indices (MCH, MCV, MCHC)
• Iron (Fe)
• Reticulocyte (retic) count
• Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
It is a network of tissues and organs responsible for the removal of toxins and waste in the human body.
The lymphatic system
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
Its primary function is to transport the white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes throughout the body
The lymphatic system is composed of?
fluids or lymph which is similar to plasma but is composed of 95% water.
The lymph is transported throughout the system through the (3)
lymphatic vessels, ducts, and masses of lymph tissue called nodes.
The body’s excess tissue fluid filters into ____ which join larger lymphatic vessels until they empty into either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.
lymphatic capillaries
The ___ moves through the vessels with the help of skeletal muscle contraction. It passes through the lymph nodes, which produce _____, before it reaches the duct.
lymph
lymphocytes
The lymphatic system has other functions: (4)
- It transports the tissue fluids back into the bloodstream.
- It removes impurities.
- It processes lymphocytes.
- It transports the fats absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream.
It is an excess tissue fluid that filters through the lymphatic capillaries.
The lymph
The lymph is moved as a result of ______.
skeletal muscle contraction
Disorders of the Lymphatic System
- Lymphangitis
- Lymphadenitis
- Lymphadenopathy
- Splenomegaly
- Hodgkin’s disease
- Lymphosarcoma
- Lymphoma
It is an inflammation of lymphatic channels resulting from an infection at a site distal to the channel
Lymphangitis
It refers to the inflammation of the lymph nodes
Lymphadenitis
It is also called adenopathy, a disease in which there is abnormality in the size or number of lymph nodes
Lymphadenopathy
It is the enlargement of the spleen
Splenomegaly
It is the cancer that affects the immune system and is characterized by enlarged lymph nodes
Hodgkin’s disease
It is a type of cancer that develops from lymphocytes
Lymphosarcoma
It is the cancer of the lymphatic system that begins in the lymphocytes
Lymphoma
[Lymphocytes] Diagnostic Tests
• Bone marrow biopsy
• Complete blood count
• Culture and sensitivity
• Lymph node biopsy
• Mononucleosis test
It is the stoppage of bleeding as a response to an injury whether it be normal vasoconstriction where the vessel walls close temporarily, abnormal obstruction like plaque, or coagulation such as litigation.
Hemostasis
A type of response to an injury where the vessel walls close temporarily
Normal vasoconstriction
It is a type of response to an injury like plaque, or coagulation such as litigation.
Abnormal obstruction
It requires coordination between the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, platelets, and other blood cells, and the plasma proteins.
Hemostasis
HEMOSTASIS:
There are four interrelated responses:
- Vasoconstriction
- Formation of the primary platelet plug
- Progression to the stable blood clot
- Fibrinolysis or dissolving of clot
It is when the vessel walls are constricted after an injury, which results in reduced flow of blood in the site of injury
Vasoconstriction
It is when platelets stick together on the site of the injury forming a plug
Formation of the primary platelet plug
It is the process in which the blood change from a liquid state into a gel that forms the blood clot
Coagulation or clotting
It refers to the proteins that are needed in the coagulation.
The coagulation factors
(COAGULATION FACTORS) There are three types:
- enzyme precursors that turn into enzymes when activated
- cofactors that accelerate enzymatic reactions
- and substrates which are the substances that are acted on and changed by the enzymes.
The clotting cascade has two separate but interacting pathways which are?
- the extrinsic pathway which is activated by external trauma (initiates coagulation)
- the intrinsic pathway which is activated by trauma inside the bloodstream (produces thrombin).
(Clotting cascade) It has three cell-based coagulation phases.
- initiation
- amplification
- propagation
It is an enzyme that plays an important role in coagulation.
Thrombin
Thrombin is produced at—
The site of injury from the prothrombin.
It amplifies coagulation and converts fibrinogen into soluble fibrin.
Thrombin
This support the platelet plug formation by activating factor XIII to cross-link fibrin and also to control the formation and coagulation process by activating protein C.
Thrombin
It is the process in which the fibrin is dissolved.
Fibrinolysis
(Fibrinolysis) It has two main activities:
- reopens intact vessels by dissolving clots
- removes hemostatic clots from the tissue as part of the healing process
The liver’s role in hemostasis is to:
synthesize coagulation factors
- V
- VIII
- prothrombin
- fibrinogen
This organ produces heparin and bile salts needed for synthesis. It is also responsible for the production of bile salts needed for vitamin K absorption.
Liver
Hemostatic Disorders: (4)
- Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Hemophilia
- Thrombocytopenia
It happens when blood clot forms in one or more deep veins, usually in the legs.
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
It occurs when the formation of small clots blocks the small blood vessels.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
It is a disorder involving the lack of sufficient blood-clotting proteins.
Hemophilia
It is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of platelets in the blood.
Thrombocytopenia
HEMOSTATIC: Diagnostic Tests (7)
- Bleeding time
- D-dimer
- Factor assays
- Fibrin degradation products
(FDP) - Platelet function assay (PFA)
- Prothrombin time (PT)
- Partial thromboplastin time
(PTT or APTT)
It is the triangular area on the anterior of the elbow, which is a site of major veins.
Antecubital fossa, also called the elbow pit.
This is the first choice for routine venipuncture because there are several major arm veins called antecubital veins which are close to the surface which makes them easy to locate and penetrate.
Antecubital fossa, also called the elbow pit.
It refers to a vein arrangement that occurs in about 70% of the population.
H-shaped antecubital veins
It is the preferred venipuncture site. It is the easiest to access and least painful for the patient.
Median cubital vein
It is the second choice for venipuncture. It is harder to palpate but is usually better when drawing blood from an obese patient.
Cephalic vein
It is last choice-vein for venipuncture as it is not well anchored and punctures on this vein are more painful.
Basilic vein
These are the intermediate antebrachial veins, which include the median, median cephalic, and median basilic veins.
M-shaped antecubital veins
It is intermediate antebrachial vein; first-choice vein safest and less painful
Median vein
It is the intermediate cephalic vein; second choi. for venipuncture; less likely to roll
Median cephalic vein
It is the intermediate basilic vein; last choice veil because it is more painful
Median basilic vein
It is used if the antecubital veins are not accessible.
Other arm and hand veins are used
The veins at the back of the hand that can be used are smaller, so using them may be—
very painful
Take note that the _____ is never used as a venipuncture sile.
under side of the wrist
Leg, ankle, and foot veins must not be used in venipuncture without the permission of a physician due to complications such as—
thrombosis
Arteries are not used for routine blood collection and are limited to the collection of_______. Special training is needed and the procedure is risky for the patient.
arterial blood gas
