Lesson 24.2 - The Roles of Hormones

Question 1

are organic substances released by the glands of the endocrine system. They can change the physiological and metabolic behavior of their target cells to maintain homeostasis.

Answer 1

Hormones

Question 2

Hormonal functions may be categorized into four:

Answer 2

Regulation
Response
Reproduction
Growth and Development

Question 3

Regulation

Answer 3

Hormones help maintain balance within the body.

Question 4

__________ refers to the mechanism of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.

Answer 4

Homeostasis

Question 5

Factors that affect the production and release of hormones:

Answer 5

Metabolite
Feedback mechanisms

Question 6

regulate the stimulus-response pathway of the body.

Answer 6

Feedback mechanisms

Question 7

__________ refers to a substance that is formed in or necessary for metabolism.

Answer 7

Metabolite

Question 8

Example of homeostasis: (Regulation)

Answer 8

The pancreas regulates the blood sugar by secreting insulin, which lowers blood sugar level, or glucagon, which increases blood sugar level.

Question 9

Hormones are highly specific in targeting cells or organs to help the body respond to internal and external changes. This allow the body to cope with physical, physiological, and psychological stresses.

Answer 9

Response

Question 10

Example of hormonal response: (Response)

Answer 10

During hot days, pituitary gland releases more antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to increase kidney’s reabsorption of water to prevent water loss from sweating. Then the other way around if you drank a lot of water.

Question 11

Hormones help prepare the body for the development of sex cells, secondary sex characteristics, and even conception and birth in females.

Answer 11

Reproduction

Question 12

Example of reproductive function of hormones:

Answer 12

During menstrual cycle, estrogen signals the ovaries to start maturing a follicle that will develop into an egg at ovulation.

Question 13

Hormones involved in reproductive function:

Answer 13

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)

Question 14

causes the maturation of an egg in the ovary.

Answer 14

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 15

stimulates the release of the egg.

Answer 15

Luteinising hormone (LH)

Question 16

Hormones promote growth and development of the body starting from conception until adulthood.

Answer 16

Growth and Development

Question 17

Example of hormonal function for growth: (Hormones)

Answer 17

Growth hormone or somatotropin that stimulates growth and cell regeneration in humans and other animals.
This stimulates the decrease in production of adipose tissues and increase the production insulin-like growth factor (IGF) from the liver that acts on muscle and bone cells to grow and increase in mass.

Question 18

Each hormone has a _______ organ that contains the specific ________ where the hormone molecule can bind.

Answer 18

target, receptor

Question 19

Hormones bind to their specific target receptor on the cell membrane instead of entering the cell. The receptor is fixed and embedded in the cell membrane.

Answer 19

Fixed Membrane Receptor Mechanism

Question 20

Fixed Membrane Receptor Mechanism Steps (3)

Answer 20

1. Adenycyclase enzyme is activated once the hormone binds to the receptor and produces cyclic AMP (cAMP).
2. The cAMP act as a secondary messenger that triggers various enzymatic reaction to cause biochemical changes.
3. Phosphodiesterase deactivates cAMP once the target cell creates a response to the hormone.

Question 21

Hormones that follow this mechanism: (Fixed Membrane Receptor Mechanism)

Answer 21

proteins or peptides like the growth hormone, ADH, insulin, and FSH

Question 22

The hormone binds to the specific receptor and activates enzymatic activity of the cell. The receptors are within the cell where it freely floats in the cytoplasm.

Answer 22

Mobile Receptor Mechanism

Question 23

Mobile Receptor Mechanism Steps (3)

Answer 23

1. The hormone-receptor complex starts transcription of the DNA and forms specific mRNA.
2. The production of mRNA triggers protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
3. It is the synthesized proteins that cause biochemical changes in the cell.