Lesson 2.2 Infection

Question 1

Normal flora

Answer 1

Microorganisms t hat are routinely found on or in the human body
Do not cause infection under normal circumstances

Question 2

Pathogens

Answer 2

Able to breach human defenses and cause infectiom

Question 3

Disease causing factors

Answer 3

Communicability
Infective
Virulence
Pathogenicity
Portal of entry
Toxicgenicity

Question 4

Classes of infectiousmicroorganisms

Answer 4

Viruses
Chlamydiae
Rickettsiae
Mycoplasma
Bacreria

Question 5

Virulrnce

Answer 5

Hoe effectively the body can defend against the bacteria and how effectively the bacteria can resist the bodies defences

Question 6

Exotoxins

Answer 6

Help bacteria survive
Proteins released during bacterial growth
Damage cell membranes, activate second messengers and inhibitprotiem synthesis

Question 7

Endotoxins

Answer 7

Lipopolysaccharides
Released when bacteria is destroyed
During growth or treatment with antibiotics
Pyrogenic bacteria

Question 8

Bacteremia

Answer 8

Presence of bacteria in blood
Symptoms caused by endotoxibs

Question 9

Fungal infections

Answer 9

Yeasts or mounds
Mycoses
Superficial deep, or oppurtnistc

Question 10

Tineas

Answer 10

Disease produced fungi that invade the skin, hair or nails

Question 11

Parasites

Answer 11

Benefit at the expense of their host
Range in size from unicellular protocol to large worms

Question 12

Incubation

Answer 12

Initjalexposure to onset of the first symptom

Question 13

Prodromal

Answer 13

Initial symptoms, mild
Discomfort and tiredness

Question 14

Invasion

Answer 14

Pathogen is multiplying and spreading
Immune/inflammatory processes triggered

Question 15

Convalecence

Answer 15

Immune system wins
Symptoms decrease
Disease may be fatal
Diseaseenters latent phase

Question 16

Fever

Answer 16

Hypothalamus resets the internal thermastat

Question 17

Abcess

Answer 17

Stalled healing
Dead, liquefied tissue
Microorganism and phagocytes

Question 18

R primary immune deficency

Answer 18

Congenital
Caused by genetic anomaly
Single gene defect
Mutations are sporadic

Question 19

Secondary immune deficiency

Answer 19

Acquired
Caused by another illness
Unusual or recurrent infections
More common

Question 20

Malignancies and immunity

Answer 20

Tumors have ability to avoid rejection
Many ppl die from infection rather than cancer

Question 21

Epidemiology of AIDs

Answer 21

Blood born pathogen
Routes
Blood
IV drug use
Serial activity
Maternal/child

Question 22

AIDS manifestations

Answer 22

May be seronegative for 6-14 months
Early stage may last up to 10 years

Question 23

Hypersensitivity

Answer 23

Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or da,age to the host

Question 24

Allergies

Answer 24

Hypersensitivity reactions to environmental antigens

Question 25

Autoimmune reactions

Answer 25

Caused by a disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens

Question 26

Alloimmune reactions

Answer 26

Immune system of one individual produces an immunologic reaction against tissues from another individual Transfusion Transplant Fetus

Question 27

Classifications

Answer 27

Type 1: immunoglobulin Emediated Type 2: tissue specific Type 3: immune complex mediated Type 4: cell mediated

Question 28

Hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 28

May occur after 1st exposure May occur after repeated exposures Immediage or delahec

Question 29

Anaphylaxis reactions

Answer 29

Occurwithin minutes of reexposure Generalized or localized

Question 30

Type 1 reactions

Answer 30

Mediated by IgE and mast cells Caused by allergens Repeated exposure usually required

Question 31

Type1patho

Answer 31

Mast cells release chem mediator histAmine Cause inflammatory reaction

Question 32

Type 1 manifestation

Answer 32

Czusedby histamine Hay fever or rhinitis Sneezing Copious watery nasal secretion Itching Seasonal

Question 33

Type 2

Answer 33

Tissue specific Cytotoxic hypersensitivity Present in cell membrane Part of host body or foreign tissue IgG antibodiesreact with antigen Ex. Incompatible blood transfusion

Question 34

Type 3

Answer 34

Immune complex Antigen-antibody complexes form in the circulation and then deposited in vessel walls or other tissues Inflammation and tissue destruction Rheumatoid arthritis SLE

Question 35

Type 4

Answer 35

Cell mediated Mediated by T lymphocytes No antibodies Release lymphocytes and other chem mediators Destruction of antigen Mantoux skin test Graft rejection Poison ivy More than 24 hours

Question 36

Autoimmunity

Answer 36

Breakdown of tolerance Immune system recognizesantigens as being foreign

Question 37

SLE

Answer 37

Lupus Multisystem Type 2 and3 hypersensitivity reactions Kidneys early target Imfkammatory lesions renal tubular basement t membrane , brain, heart, spleen, lungs, gi tract,skin and peritoneum

Question 38

SLE anifestations

Answer 38

Remission and exacerbations Arthralgia Arthritis Vasculitis Photosensitivity Renql disease Cardiovascular disease Butterfly rash Seizure Hemolytic anemia