Lesson 1.1 Flashcards
Pathophysiology
The study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease process
Cellular Adaptation
A reversible, structural or functional response to both normal/physiologic conditions and adverse or pathologic conditions
Atrophy
Decrease in cellular size
Hypertrophy
Increase in cellular size
Hyperplasia
Increase in # of cells
Result of increased rate of cellular division
Dysplasia
Not true adaptive change
Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells
Associated with neoplastic growths
Metaplasia
Reversible replacement of one mature cell by another cell type
Tissue damage, repair, regeneration
Cellular injury
Cells Can’t maintain homeostasis
Reversible or irreversible
Cellular injury stimuli
Chem agents
Hypoxia
Free radicals
Infectious agents
Physical and mechanical factors
Immunological reactions
Genetics
Nutritional imbalances
Hypoxia
Most common cause of cellular injury
Ischemia most common cause of hypoxia
Ischemia-reperfusion Injury
(Restoring oxygen supply can cause additional injury)
Leads to formation of highly reactive oxygen intermediates
More membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload
ROS
Reactive oxygen species
Essential for proper functioning of cell
Can damage mitochondria
Free Radicals
Unpaired single electron in outer orbit
Verybunstable
Air pollution
Largest enviro health risk
Contamination of indoor/outdoor enviro by any chemical, physical, or biological agent
Lead
Damages brain and nervous system
Slows growth and development
Learning and behavior problems
Hearing and speech problems
Carbon Monoxide
Leads to hypoxic injury due to oxygen deprivation
Ethanol
Absorbed unaltered through the stomach and small intestine
Goes to liver
Distributed to all tissues and fluids
CNS depression
Mercury Manifestations
Loss of peripheracl vision
Pins and needle feeling
Imaired speech, hearing and walking
Muscle weakness
Opioid stats
3/4 male
88% between 20-59
84% fantasy
Asphyxia
Suffocation
Strangulation
Chemical asphyxiation
Drowning
Suffocation
O2 does not reach the blood either due to lack of O2 in the environment or blockage of external airways
Strangulation
Compressionand closure of blood vessels and air passages due to external pressure
Cellular injury manifestation
Accumulations: water, lipids, carbs, glycogen, protein, pigments, hemoprotiens, calcium, urate
Cellular swelling
Lipid Accumulation
Most common in liver
Common causes:
1. Alcohol abuse
2. Diabetes millions
3. Protein malnutrition
4. Toxins
5. Anoxia
6. Obesity
