Lesson 1.2 ECF and ICF

Question 1

Distribution

Answer 1

2/3 of water is ICF
1/3 IS ECF

Question 2

Major ECF

Answer 2

Interstitial and intravascular

Question 3

Minor ECF

Answer 3

Lymph and transcellular fluid

Question 4

Water% with ages

Answer 4

Newborns - 75-80% water
Adults 60-65%
% decreases with age

Question 5

Why water % decreases with age

Answer 5

Less able to concentrate urine
Impaired thirst perception

Question 6

Edema

Answer 6

Excessive accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces
May be related to fluid distribution

Question 7

Edema common mechanism

Answer 7

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decreased plasma on optical pressure
Increased capillary membrane permeability
Lymphatic obstruction

Question 8

Manifestations

Answer 8

Localized or generalized
Site of injury
Within organs
Dependent edema
Pitting
Weight gain
Increase distance for substance to diffuse across

Question 9

Dehydration

Answer 9

Water deficit
Water deprivation ex. Inability to communicate
Water loss ex. Excessive diuresis
Hyperglycemia

Question 10

Sodium

Answer 10

Must abundant ECF ion
Maintained by kidney and hormones
Aldosterone
ADH

Question 11

Sodium Function

Answer 11

Regulate osmolality
Maintains neuromuscular irrability/conduction of nerve impulses
Regulates acid basebalance
Chemical reaction and membrane transport

Question 12

Hypernatremia

Answer 12

Excessive serum Na+
Caused by gain in Na+ orloss of water
Ex.
Inadequate water intake
Inappropriate admin of hypersonic saline solution
Oversecretion of aldosterone

Question 13

Manifestations of hypernatremia

Answer 13

Intracellular dehydration
Convulsions
Pulmonary edema
Thirst
Fever
Dry mucous membranes
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Low jugular venous pressure
Restlessness

Question 14

Hyponatremia

Answer 14

Low level of Na+ in serum
Cellular swelling
Caused by sodium loss, inadequate intake or dilution
Diuretics

Question 15

Increases water volume and decreases Na+concentration

Answer 15

Hyperglycemia
Hyperlipidemia
Hyperproteinemia

Question 16

Hyponatremia manifestations

Answer 16

Inability of dells to depolarize and repolarize normally
Lethargy
Headache
Confusion
Apprehension
Seizures
Coma
Hypotension

Question 17

Potassium

Answer 17

Majorintracellular electrolyte
Transmission of nerve impulses
Maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms
Smooth and skeletal muscle contraction
Metabolic functions
Glycogen deposits in liver and skeletal muscle cells

Question 18

K+ with acidosis

Answer 18

Causes H+ to move into icf
Causing K+ to move out to maintain cation balance
Decreases secretion of K+into urine increasing hyperkalemia

Question 19

K+ Alkalosis

Answer 19

H+ icf levels decreased
K+ moves into cell
ECF levels drop
Kidney secretes more k+
Hypokalemia gets worse

Question 20

Insulin and k+

Answer 20

Stimulates na+, k+ and ATPase pump
Moves k+ into the liver and muscle cells along with glucose

Question 21

Glucagon and k+

Answer 21

Blocks entry of k+ into cells

Question 22

Hypokalemia

Answer 22

Diabetic ketoacidosis
H+ shifts into cell causing k+ to shift ouy
K+ lost in urine

Question 23

Hypokalemia manifestations

Answer 23

Decreased neuromuscular excitability
Impaired carb metabolism
Impaired renal function
Polyuria
Polynesia
Skeletal muscle weakness
Smooth muscle atony
Cardiac dysthymia

Question 24

Cardiac manifestations Hypokalemia

Answer 24

Delayed ventricular repolarization and frequency of action potential
Sinus bradycardia
AV block
Paroxysmal atrial tach
Decreased T wave, depressedST segment
Severe: p waves peak, QRS prolonged

Question 25

Hyperkalemia

Answer 25

K+ from cells to ECF Decreased renal excretion

Question 26

Hyperkalemia causes

Answer 26

Cell trauma Acidosis Insulin deficiency Cell hypoxia Burns Crush injuries Extensive surgery Sparing diretics

Question 27

Hyperkalemia manifestations

Answer 27

Musckr weakness ECG changes Increased neuromuscular irritability Tingling of fingers and lips Restlessness Intentional cramping Diarrhea Severe: muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, paralysis

Question 28

Cardiac effects

Answer 28

Mild - narrowing taller T waves, shortened QT Severe - depressed ST - prolonfesPR - widened QRS

Question 29

Hypercalcemia causes

Answer 29

Hyperparathyroidism Bone metastases with calcium restoration Hematologic cancer Sarcoidosis Excessive vit D Prolonged immobilization Acidosis

Question 30

Hypercalcemia manifestations

Answer 30

Fatigue Weakness Lethargy Anorexia Nausea Constipation Behavioural change Impaired renal function - kidneystones Shortened QT Depressed T wave Bradycardia Heart blocks

Question 31

Hypocalcemia

Answer 31

Related to an increase in neuromuscular excitability Nutritional deficiency Blood transfusion Pancreatic Alkalosis

Question 32

Hypocalcemia manifestations

Answer 32

Confusion Parenthesis Carpopedal spasm Hypperflexion Chvostek sign Trousers sign ProlongedQT Intestinal cramping Hyperactive bowel sounss

Question 33

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 33

Noncarbonic acids increase or bicarbonate is lost Resps. Increase Kidneys secreteexcess acid

Question 34

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 34

Increased bicarbonate Prolonged vomiting GI suctioning Hyperaldosteronism Diuretics

Question 35

RespiratoryAcidosis

Answer 35

Decreased alveolar respiration

Question 36

Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 36

Alveolar hyperventilation and decreased plasma CO2 levels Hypocapnia Hypoxemia from high altitudes