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Experience Biology > Lesson 21 > Flashcards

Lesson 21 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is phylum Cnidaria?

A

Jellyfish, hydra, and sea anemones

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2
Q

Explain Cnidarian’s symmetry and body?

A

A. Soft bodies

B. Exhibit radial symmetry, two germ layers

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3
Q

Explain what a Cnidarian’s Epithelium is…

A
  1. The outer layers of a Cnidaria are the epithelium, with a jelly-like middle called the mesoglea
  2. The epithelium contains nerve cells and contractile cells
    a) Nerve cells are able to sense outside stimulus and coordinate the animal’s response
    b) Contractile cells bend the organism’s body allowing it to move through the water
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4
Q

Explain what’s up with the two body forms of Cnidarians, and what they are…

A
  1. Polyp
    a) Cup-shaped tubular body form with a mouth and tentacles at one end, and a base that attaches to a hard surface on the other end
    b) Sessile
    c) Example: Coral

file:///C:/Users/trgan/Sync/LisA%20school/Polup.png

  1. Medusa
    a) Umbrella shaped body with its mouth facing downward and tentacles extending around it
    b) Motile
    c) Example: jelly fish

-Some spend part of their life in both and others only in one

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5
Q

All Cnidarians have Sac-like bodies

What are they composed of?

A
  1. Central body
  2. Tentacles surrounding the mouth
  3. Stinging cells on tentacles
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6
Q

What are cnidocytes?

A

Located on the tentacles of Cnidarians

a) Small capsules containing toxins used to kill or incapacitate their prey
b) Organelles in cnidocytes called nematocysts — coiled tubes containing an attached barb that discharges a toxin when launched

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7
Q

Explain a Cnidarian’s Central digestive system…

A
  1. One opening through which food comes in and wastes go out
  2. Enzymes are secreted in their gut to break down their food
  3. After food is broken down, the epithelial cells lining the gut absorb nutrients from the food, and undigested material is expelled through the mouth
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8
Q

Explain a Cnidarian’s respiratory and circulatory system

A

They have no respiratory and circulatory systems

Instead they exchange gasses by diffusion through their bodies

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9
Q

What is class Scyphozoa (sai·fuh·zow·uh)?

https://www.google.com/search?q=scyphozoa+pronunciation

What are two characteristics of them?

A

-Jellyfish

(think scyphozoa like cyphun)

  1. Typically small
  2. Motile
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10
Q

How do Scyphozoa reproduce?

A

-Alternately reproduce sexually and asexually

  1. Jellyfish in the more prominent MEDUSA form exist as either male or female
    a) Males release sperm in their central body cavity
    b) Females release eggs in their central body cavity
    c) Sperm released fertilize the egg after entering the gut of the female
    d) The zygote undergoes development after attaching to the outer edge of the parent’s mouth
    e) Developed LARVA detach and swim away
  2. Asexual cycle begins when the LARVA attaches to something solid and develops into a polyp
    a) The polyp forms stacks of cylindrical rings that mature, separate, and release one at a time as microscopic MEDUSAE
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11
Q

What is class Anthozoa?

A

Sea Anemone & Coral

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12
Q

What form/s does class Anthozoa exhibit?

A

They only exhibit polyp form, no medusa stage

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13
Q

Explain a sea anemone’s social life (phylum Anthozoa)…

A

a) Use their nematocysts to stun or kill their prey
b) Use a chemical recognition system to release nematocysts
c) Form symbiotic relationships with certain organisms where both organisms benefit from one another

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14
Q

Explain Coral (phylum Anthozoa)…

A

a) Colonial creatures: each coral is an individual multicellular organism, but they form a colony that’s interdependent on one another

b) Produce a limestone cup at their base
(1) Cups serve as shelter that the coral polyp can retract into
(2) Millions of coral live together in colonies creating structures called coral reefs

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15
Q

What is class Hydrozoa?

A

Hydra, Hydroid Colonies, and the Portuguese Man-of-War

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16
Q

What are characteristics of class Hydrozoa?

A
  1. Mostly marine animals
  2. Very small
  3. Colonial species can be several feet long
17
Q

How do Hydra and colonial Hydra reproduce?

A
  1. They asexual reproduce via budding
    a) Small bump forms on the side of the hydra and grows tentacles (like long utters)
    b) It then separates and anchors itself to something
  2. Sexual reproduction:
    a) Most hydras produce either sperm cells in their testes or egg cells in their ovaries, but some hydras form both.
    b) Gametes form and pack together in little bumps in the animal’s body wall
    c) Eggs and sperm are both released into the water, and fertilization occurs when they meet.
    d) The polyp form of the hydra is motile
18
Q

Explain Hydroid colonies…

A

They are made of interconnected polyps that are considered to be one creature because the body wall and gastrovascular cavity are connected

((If one Hydra takes in food all the other hydra are nourished by it too))

19
Q

Why do scientist say Hydra are “immortal”?

A

Because:

  1. There bodies are made of mostly stem cells that can differentiate into other cells
  2. Their bodies renew with fresh young cells
  3. So, basically they don’t age (just like the Artemis’s hunters)
20
Q

Overview of lesson 21a

A

file:///C:/Users/trgan/Sync/LisA%20school/Lesson%2021_%20Creatures%20in%20the%20Sea%20-%20Journey%20Homeschool%20Academy%20-%20Google%20Chrome%202022-06-08%2011-29-39.mp4

21
Q

What is phylum Echinodermata?
Why are they called Echinoderms?
And where are Echinoderms found?

A

– Sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers

– “Enchino” means Spiny, and “derm” means skin. Echinoderms=spiny-skinned animals

– They are marine animals, living in oceans and seas

22
Q

How many germ layers do Echinoderms have, what’s up with their symmetry?

A

A. Three germ layers

  1. Exhibit bilateral symmetry during larval stage
  2. Mature echinoderms exhibit pentaradial symmetry; they have 5 arms
    evenly distributed around a central disc (think pentagon has 5 sides)
23
Q

Explain what an Echinoderm’s water vascular system is…

A

System of tubes filled with water extending through their entire body
–System is used to help with feeding, respiration, movement, and sensation

24
Q

Explain the structure of Echinoderm’s water vascular system…

A

a) Sieve plate: Filters sea water before it enters the system
b) Ring canal: Where water enters, surrounding the mouth
c) Radial canals: Extend from central part of the echinoderm’s body down each ray
d) Lateral canals: Branch perpendicularly off the radial canals and terminate at tube feet
(1) Tube feet are hollow feet-like knobs
(2) Used for breathing and movement
(3) Ampulla: Muscle structures on the internal side of tube feet

https://ln5.sync.com/dl/bdf097ff0/8zncwux5-btqcj7ne-5mmrzppa-vtq4m22y

25
Q

What are Papulae on Echinoderms (sea stars)…

A

They are found on the upper surface of the sea star.

Them along with their tube feet assist in gas exchange. Kind of like gills

26
Q

Explain Echinoderm’s endoskeleton…

A

It’s an internal skeleton made up of plates called ossicles

27
Q

Explain an Echinoderm’s digestive system…

A

It is composed of mouth, stomach, intestines, and anus

  1. Mouth is on the underside of the body
  2. Anus is on the upper surface of the body
28
Q

Do Echinoderms have a nervous system? If so explain it…

A
  1. It consists of a nerve net
  2. No central nervous system or brain
  3. Network of interconnected nerve cells throughout the body
29
Q

Do Echinoderms have a circulatory system? If so, explain it…

A

They have an open circulatory system: blood flows through the body cavity (no blood vessels)

30
Q

How do Echinoderms reproduce?

A

Sexual reproduction occurs by external fertilization when egg and sperm meet in the ocean

  1. Many larvae hatch and are capable of asexual reproduction (they do this to become adult Echinoderms)
  2. Others just hatch as premature adult then growing into adults
31
Q

What are Echinoderm’s superpower?

A

Regeneration: ability to replace damaged areas

32
Q

Tell me about class asteroidea (from phyla Echinodermata) (5 things)…

https://www.google.com/search?q=asteroidea+pronunciation

A

They are sea stars (asteroidea like asteroid=space=stars=sea stars)

  1. Many shapes, sizes, and colors
  2. Thick arms that extend from a central disk
  3. Use tube feet for breathing, movement, and grasping prey
  4. Are hunters, preying on clams, oysters, and mussels
  5. Two stomachs: one stomach can protrude from the mouth and secrete digestive enzymes, liquifying prey for easier digestion
33
Q

Tell me about class Ophiuroidea (from phylum echinodermata)

https://www.google.com/search?q=ophiuroidea+pronunciation

Oh-fee-uh-roy-dee-a

A

brittle stars
1. Long thin arms that extend from central disk
2. Motile: move by writhing their arms around and pulling themselves
forward
3. Will self amputate arms if attacked or disturbed
a) Ability to regenerate the lost arm
b) Detached arm continues to wiggle and distracts the predator

34
Q

Tell me about class Echinoidea (phylum echinodermata)(3things)…

file:///C:/Users/trgan/Sync/LisA%20school/Echinoidea%20pronucication.mp4

A

Sea urchins and sand dollars

  1. Very rigid body walls
  2. Spherical or flattened with 5 rows of tube feet to help them with movement and feeding
  3. Do not have arms
35
Q 
Tell me about class Holothuroidea (phylum Echinoidea)(5things)...
file:///C:/Users/trgan/Sync/LisA%20school/Holothuroidea%20pronuncication.mp4

Hollow- thor-oy-dea

A

sea cucumbers

  1. Skin is leathery
  2. Adults exhibit radial symmetry
  3. Long like cucumbers
  4. Tentacles on the front are extensions of water vascular system
36
Q

Lesson 21b (echinoderms) overview…

A

file:///C:/Users/trgan/Sync/LisA%20school/Lesson%2021%20summary.mp4

37
Q

What is only found in echinoderms?

A

Water vascular system

They are the only ones who have it, no other phylum!

38
Q

Classes in Echinodermata way to memorize…

A

file:///C:/Users/trgan/Sync/LisA%20school/Echinodermata%20classes.png

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