Lesson 19 Flashcards
Name the 3 Characteristics of Animals
A. Heterotrophic
B. Multicellular
C. Organisms REQIRE a skeletal structure (Cells DO NOT have cell walls)
What is an Endoskeleton?
Lightweight bones
Endo meaning inside
What is a Exoskeleton?
Plated outer covering (of bones)
Exo means outside or external
What is a Hydroskeleton?
Fluid-filled compartment in the body
Think Hydro=fluid-filled
How many phyla of animals are there
30
What does Ectothermic mean?
- Where do they live?
- How do they increase or decrease their body temperature
Cold blooded (Ecto meaning outside or external)
Body temperature rises and falls with the temperature of the surrounding environment
- Habitats where conditions are fairly stable
- Behavioral strategies
What are Vertebrates and Invertebrates?
Vertebrates: backboned animals
Invertebrates: no backboned animals
What are the 3 major dividing characteristics of Animals?
- Vertebrates and Invertebrates
- Body temperature regulation
- Body symmetry
What does Endothermic mean?
-What are involuntary mechanisms they use to help warm up or cool down?
Warm blooded (Endo meaning inside)
Their body temperature remains constant through metabolic functions and body coverings (hair/fur)
-Shivering, panting, sweating
What is Bilateral symmetry?
-How many germ layers during gastrulation
Organisms can be divided through the
center to create mirror images
(Think human)
-3 germ layers
What is Radial symmetry?
-How many germ layers during gastrulation
Organism can be divided in many different
ways to form mirror images
(Think sea urchin)
-2 layers
What does it mean to be Asymmetrical?
-How many germ layers during gastrulation
Animals with no symmetry
(Think sea sponge)
-1 germ layer
When does symmetry begin?
After fertilization during cleavage, when a single cell is converted to a multicellular zygote
What are the steps of symmetry?
a) Cells continue to divide and form into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula
b) Gastrulation occurs when cells move inside the blastula and form multiple layers of cells called germ layers
c) Germ layers give rise to body systems and organs, and determine how the body cavity takes shape
What are the 3 germ layers?
(1) Endoderm: inside layer
(2) Ectoderm: outside layer
(3) Mesoderm (Meso meaning middle): develops between the endoderm and ectoderm
What are the 9 phyla the class is covering?
A. Porifera: Sponges
B. Cnidaria: Jellyfish and sea anemones
C. Platyhelminthes: Flatworms
D. Nematoda: Roundworms
E. Annelida: Segmented worms
F. Arthropoda: Insects, lobsters, spiders
G. Mollusca: Clams, snails, and squids
H. Echinodermata: Sea stars and sea urchins
I. Chordata: Fish, birds, reptiles, mammals
Name 4 characteristics of sponges…
- Covered in pores
- Invertebrates
- Ectothermic
- Asymmetrical (irregularly shaped blobs)
Bonus: Heterotrophic (all animals are heterotrophic)
Phylum Porifera is what?
Sponges
Are sponges motile?
Sponge larva are motile
Mature sponges are sessile (Not moving)
What is the structure of sponges?
Their bodies are composed of two layers of cells with a jelly-like substance in between them (like a jelly sandwich)
- The outer layer of cells is called the Epidermis. It provides protection
- The middle layer “Jelly” is called the Mesenchyme
- The inner layer is made up of Collar cells (These cells appear to have a collar, with flagella that extend from the collar.)
What do Collar cells do in a sponge?
Collar cells line the inside of the sponge’s hollow sac-like body.
- Their one Flagella constantly beat, pulling water along with algae, bacteria, and organic debris through the animal for food.
- They trap and engulf cells via phagocytosis, partially digesting the microorganisms.
Mesenchyme contains one of two support structures…
a) Spicules are a network support system made of lime or silica with a hard spiny feel. (Poky!!)
b) Spongin is a web of protein with a soft feel. (The sponges that we harvest)
((Mesenchyme is the “jelly” in the “sandwich” of sponge body (cell wall-ish part)))
Amebocytes are…
Specialized cells Sponges contain in the Mesenchyme or the “jelly” layer of the “sandwich”
a) They move freely in the mesenchyme
b) Digest the food the sponge extracts from water
c) Bring oxygen to the sponge
d) Produce lime or silica to create spicules (Poky!!)
How do sponges reproduce?
Mostly sexually but also asexually
Sponges are hermaphroditic…
Having both male and female reproductive organs that produce both sperm and eggs.
How do sponges reproduce sexually?
a) They release sperm into the ocean that fertilizes the egg of another sponge.
b) A fertilized egg stays attached to the mother sponge until it is ready to hatch.
c) Once the larvae hatches, it is capable of movement until it locates somewhere to settle down and spend the rest of its life.
How do sponges asexual reproduce?
Via budding: When a small piece of the sponge is detached, it’s able to grow into a new organism
