Lesson 19

Question 1

Name the 3 Characteristics of Animals

Answer 1

A. Heterotrophic
B. Multicellular
C. Organisms REQIRE a skeletal structure (Cells DO NOT have cell walls)

Question 2

What is an Endoskeleton?

Answer 2

Lightweight bones

Endo meaning inside

Question 3

What is a Exoskeleton?

Answer 3

Plated outer covering (of bones)

Exo means outside or external

Question 4

What is a Hydroskeleton?

Answer 4

Fluid-filled compartment in the body

Think Hydro=fluid-filled

Question 5

How many phyla of animals are there

Answer 5

30

Question 6

What does Ectothermic mean?

• Where do they live?
• How do they increase or decrease their body temperature

Answer 6

Cold blooded (Ecto meaning outside or external)

Body temperature rises and falls with the temperature of the surrounding environment

• Habitats where conditions are fairly stable
• Behavioral strategies

Question 7

What are Vertebrates and Invertebrates?

Answer 7

Vertebrates: backboned animals
Invertebrates: no backboned animals

Question 8

What are the 3 major dividing characteristics of Animals?

Answer 8

• Vertebrates and Invertebrates
• Body temperature regulation
• Body symmetry

Question 9

What does Endothermic mean?

-What are involuntary mechanisms they use to help warm up or cool down?

Answer 9

Warm blooded (Endo meaning inside)

Their body temperature remains constant through metabolic functions and body coverings (hair/fur)

-Shivering, panting, sweating

Question 10

What is Bilateral symmetry?

-How many germ layers during gastrulation

Answer 10

Organisms can be divided through the
center to create mirror images

(Think human)

-3 germ layers

Question 11

What is Radial symmetry?

-How many germ layers during gastrulation

Answer 11

Organism can be divided in many different
ways to form mirror images

(Think sea urchin)

 -2 layers

Question 12

What does it mean to be Asymmetrical?

-How many germ layers during gastrulation

Answer 12

Animals with no symmetry

(Think sea sponge)

-1 germ layer

Question 13

When does symmetry begin?

Answer 13

After fertilization during cleavage, when a single cell is converted to a multicellular zygote

Question 14

What are the steps of symmetry?

Answer 14

a) Cells continue to divide and form into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula
b) Gastrulation occurs when cells move inside the blastula and form multiple layers of cells called germ layers
c) Germ layers give rise to body systems and organs, and determine how the body cavity takes shape

Question 15

What are the 3 germ layers?

Answer 15

(1) Endoderm: inside layer
(2) Ectoderm: outside layer
(3) Mesoderm (Meso meaning middle): develops between the endoderm and ectoderm

Question 16

What are the 9 phyla the class is covering?

Answer 16

A. Porifera: Sponges
B. Cnidaria: Jellyfish and sea anemones
C. Platyhelminthes: Flatworms
D. Nematoda: Roundworms
E. Annelida: Segmented worms
F. Arthropoda: Insects, lobsters, spiders
G. Mollusca: Clams, snails, and squids
H. Echinodermata: Sea stars and sea urchins
I. Chordata: Fish, birds, reptiles, mammals

Question 17

Name 4 characteristics of sponges…

Answer 17

1. Covered in pores
2. Invertebrates
3. Ectothermic
4. Asymmetrical (irregularly shaped blobs)

Bonus: Heterotrophic (all animals are heterotrophic)

Question 18

Phylum Porifera is what?

Answer 18

Sponges

Question 19

Are sponges motile?

Answer 19

Sponge larva are motile

Mature sponges are sessile (Not moving)

Question 20

What is the structure of sponges?

Answer 20

Their bodies are composed of two layers of cells with a jelly-like substance in between them (like a jelly sandwich)

• The outer layer of cells is called the Epidermis. It provides protection
• The middle layer “Jelly” is called the Mesenchyme
• The inner layer is made up of Collar cells (These cells appear to have a collar, with flagella that extend from the collar.)

Question 21

What do Collar cells do in a sponge?

Answer 21

Collar cells line the inside of the sponge’s hollow sac-like body.

• Their one Flagella constantly beat, pulling water along with algae, bacteria, and organic debris through the animal for food.
• They trap and engulf cells via phagocytosis, partially digesting the microorganisms.

Question 22

Mesenchyme contains one of two support structures…

Answer 22

a) Spicules are a network support system made of lime or silica with a hard spiny feel. (Poky!!)
b) Spongin is a web of protein with a soft feel. (The sponges that we harvest)

((Mesenchyme is the “jelly” in the “sandwich” of sponge body (cell wall-ish part)))

Question 23

Amebocytes are…

Answer 23

Specialized cells Sponges contain in the Mesenchyme or the “jelly” layer of the “sandwich”

a) They move freely in the mesenchyme
b) Digest the food the sponge extracts from water
c) Bring oxygen to the sponge
d) Produce lime or silica to create spicules (Poky!!)

Question 24

How do sponges reproduce?

Answer 24

Mostly sexually but also asexually

Question 25

Sponges are hermaphroditic…

Answer 25

Having both male and female reproductive organs that produce both sperm and eggs.

Question 26

How do sponges reproduce sexually?

Answer 26

a) They release sperm into the ocean that fertilizes the egg of another sponge.
b) A fertilized egg stays attached to the mother sponge until it is ready to hatch.
c) Once the larvae hatches, it is capable of movement until it locates somewhere to settle down and spend the rest of its life.

Question 27

How do sponges asexual reproduce?

Answer 27

Via budding: When a small piece of the sponge is detached, it’s able to grow into a new organism