LESSON 2: LABORATORY SAFETY Flashcards
1
Q
For chemical safety, what is proper thing to do?
A
➢ All chemicals be identified
➢ Proper labeling is a must indicating
health risks(carcinogen, mutagen,
teratogen) and hazard class (corrosive,
poison, flammable, oxidizing)
➢ Hazardous chemicals must be
inventoried annually
All laboratories must have a file of
every chemical they use and with
corresponding MATERIAL
SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)
FUME HOODS are provided to
prevent inhalation of toxic fumes
✓ Protection against chemical odor by
exhausting air to the outside
2
Q
MSDSs includes:
A
✓ Substance name
✓ Name, address and telephone number of
manufacturer
✓ Hazardous ingredient
✓ Physical and chemical properties
✓ Fire and explosion data
✓ Toxicity
✓ Health effects and first aid
✓ Stability and reactivity
✓ Shipping data
✓ Spill, leak and disposal procedures
✓ Personal protective equipment
✓ Handling and storage
3
Q
What should we do for fire safety?
A
➢ Fire evacuation plan is required
➢ Fire drills be conducted
quarterly or annually depending
on local laws
➢ Exit paths must be clear of any
obstructions
➢ Combination Type ABC
extinguishers are found in
most laboratories
✓Need not worry what type of
extinguisher to grab during
fire
➢ Type C extinguisher containing
CO2 or another chemical
to smother flames are
also used
✓Does not damage equipment
4
Q
What are the classes of fires?
A
Class A,B,C,D,E,F
5
Q
For class A fire, what fires are involved?
A
solid or organic materials, such as wood, plastics, paper, textiles, or coal
6
Q
For class B fire, what fires are involved?
A
flammable liquids, such as gasoline, petroleum oil, paint, or diesel.
7
Q
For class C fire, what fires are involved?
A
flammable gases, such as propane, butane, or methane.
8
Q
For class D fire, what fires are involved?
A
combustible metals, such as magnesium, lithium, sodium, potassium, titanium, or aluminium
9
Q
For class E fire, what fires are involved?
A
electrically energized equipment
10
Q
For class F fire, what fires are involved?
A
cooking oils and fats, such as vegetable oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, maize oil, lard, or butter (typically those used for deep fat fryers).
11
Q
What are the types of fire extinguishers?
A
Water, Powder, Foam, CO2, Wet chemical
12
Q
What are suitable and not suitable to WATER for fire extinguishers?
A
SUITABLE
for wood, cloth, coal, plastics, paper, textile, and other solid material fires
NOT SUITABLE
all other types of fires.
13
Q
What are suitable and not suitable to POWDER for fire extinguishers?
A
SUITABLE
For solid material, liquid, gas, and electrical fires
NOT SUITABLE
chip or fat pan fires or metal fires (unless it M28 or K2)
14
Q
What are suitable and not suitable to FOAM for fire extinguishers?
A
SUITABLE
solid material and liquid fires
NOT SUITABLE
gas, metal, electrical, or chip and fat pan fires.
15
Q
What are suitable and not suitable to CARBON DIOXIDE for fire extinguishers?
A
SUITABLE
For liquid and electrical fires.
NOT SUITABLE
gas, metal, or chip and fat pan fires.
16
Q
What are suitable and not suitable to WET CHEMICAL for fire extinguishers?
A
SUITABLE
For fires that involve cooking oils and fats.
NOT SUITABLE
other types of fires ( use a more appropriate extinguisher).
17
Q
What are IMPORTANT ACTIONS DURING FIRE?
A
Rescue any injured individual
Activate the fire alarm
Contain (smother) the fire, if feasible
(close fire doors)
Extinguish the fire, if possible
18
Q
How to use fire extinguisher?
A
P
* Pull the pin on the fire extinguisher in order to break the
tamper seal.
A
* Aim the fire extinguisher low, with the nozzle pointed at the
base of the fire.
S
* Squeeze the handle of the fire extinguisher to release the
extinguishing agent.
S
* Sweep the nozzle from side to side while pointed at the base of
the fire until it is extinguished.
19
Q
What are the things you should do for electrical safety?
A
➢ All sockets should be checked for
electrical grounding and leakage at
least annually
➢ No extension cords should be used
in the laboratory
20
Q
How to handle of compress gasses?
A
➢ Gas Cylinders (CO2, Anaerobic Gas
mixture) contain pressurized gases and
must be properly handled and secured
➢ Fallen leaking cylinders
✓ MISSILES
❖Loss of life and destruction to property
21
Q
How to handle of compress gasses for gas tank?
A
➢ should be chained
➢ Stored in well-ventilated area
➢ Metal cap should always be in place
when tank is not in use
➢ Should be transported chained in special
dolly
22
Q
What are the basic concept of biosafety and biosecurity?
A
According to World Health Organization
Laboratory Biosafety Manual in 1983. (First
Edition)
Encouraged countries to accept and
implement basic concepts in biological safety
To develop national codes of practice for the
safe handling of pathogenic microorganisms
in laboratories within their geographical
borders.
23
Q
History of biosafety and biosecurity
A
Laboratory Biosafety Manual in 1993. (Second
Edition)
many countries have used the expert
guidance provided in the manual to develop
such codes of practice
Laboratory Biosafety Manual in 2004. (Third Edition)
Addressing biological safety and security issues facing us in the
current millennium.
Stresses the importance of personal responsibility.
New chapters have been added on risk assessment, safe use of
recombinant DNA technology and transport of infectious
materials.
Recent world events have revealed new threats to public health
through deliberate misuse and release of microbiological agents
and toxins.
Introduces biosecurity concepts – the protection of
microbiological assets from theft, loss or diversion, which could
lead to the inappropriate use of these agents to cause public
health harm.
24
Q
Philippine biosecurity and biosafety
A
National Committee on Biosafety of
the Philippines (NCBP 1987)
Executive Order No. 514 -
Establishing the National Biosafety
Framework (NBF 2006) Institute
Institute of Health Policy and
Development Studies (UP NIH)
UP Manila Institutional
Biosafety Committee (IBC)
US Biosecurity Engagement
Program (BEP)
Philippine Advanced
Biosafety Officer
Training (PhABOT)
25
Philippine Advanced Biosafety Officer Training (PhABOT)
Expand the pool of competent biorisk
officers and trainers in the Philippines
Strengthen the biorisk management
system in the Philippines
26
What is biohazards?
❑ Organisms infectious to humans
❑ Biologically active agents, animals
or plants causing disease in other
living organisms leading to
significant impact to the
environment or community
27
Biohazards involve:
BACTERIA,VIRUSES,FUNGI,PARASITES,VENOM,TOXINS, ALLERGENS,RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY,PRIONS
28
What are the biological agents?
BLOOD,STOOL,BODY FLUIDS,SPUTUM, EXUDATES, ISOLATES
29
What is laboratory biosafety?
Containment principles,
technologies and practices
implemented to prevent
unintentional exposure to
pathogens and toxins or their
unintentional release
30
Laboratory biosafety achieved through?
❑ Various degrees of laboratory control and
containment
❑ Laboratory design and access restrictions
❑ Personnel expertise and training
❑ Use of containment equipment
❑ Safe methods of managing infectious
materials
31
What is biosecurity?
Institutional and personal
security measures designed to
prevent the loss, theft, misuse,
diversion, or intentional release
of pathogens and toxins
32
Laboratory biosecurity achieved through?
❑ Facility security (limit access)
❑ Personnel reliability (background
investigations)
❑ Information security (passwords)
❑ Transportation security (packaging)
❑ Material accountability (inventory
33
Local organizations on biosafety
Biological Risk Association of the
Philippines (BRAP), 2015
A non-government and non-profit
association work to serve the emergent
concerns of biological risk management
in various professional medical,
agricultural, technological, and
biological sectors throughout the
Philippines
Philippine Biosafety and Biosecurity
Association, INC. (PhBBA)
Created by a multi-disciplinary team,
including members from health care,
academia, emergency response,
pharmaceutical/biotech, as well as
from the executive, legislative and
judicial branches of the government.
34
Fundamental objective of biosafety and biosecurity
Containment of potentially harmful biological
agents.
“Keeping the people from bad bugs”
Protection, control and accountability for valuable
biological materials within laboratories, in order to
prevent their unauthorized access, loss, theft,
misuse, diversion or intentional release.
“Keeping the bad bugs from bad people.”
35
CLASSIFICATION OF LABORATORY ACCORDING TO BIOSAFETY LEVELS
Appropriate for work with well-characterized, nonpathogenic organisms or agents (E. coli, B. subtilis)
work is conducted in an open bench and no
containment equipment (undergraduate & teaching
laboratories)
Use good laboratory practices, waste disposal, and
aseptic techniques (clean work surfaces) &
handwashing
Biosafety Level 1
36
CLASSIFICATION OF LABORATORY ACCORDING TO BIOSAFETY LEVELS
Appropriate for work with agents of moderate hazard
associated with human disease by ingestion,
percutaneous or mucus membrane exposure (Salmonella,
HIV, HBV)
Work has a restricted access & require a containment
during certain processes (clinical diagnostic laboratories)
Recommended for laboratories handling human body
fluids in which infectious agent maybe unknown
Biohazard warning sign posted in the lab.
Biosafety Level 2
37
CLASSIFICATION OF LABORATORY ACCORDING TO BIOSAFETY LEVELS
Appropriate for work with exotic or indigenous
agents with potential for aerosol transmission
causing serious or lethal disease (Mtb, SARS)
Effective treatment & vaccination available
all work is contained, lab has engineering control to
prevent release of the agent to the environment (eg.
research & production facility laboratories)
workers may need to wear a respirator
Biosafety Levels 3
38
CLASSIFICATION OF LABORATORY ACCORDING TO BIOSAFETY LEVELS
Is reserved for work with dangerous agents that
pose a high risk for life-threatening disease by
infectious aerosols & from which no treatment or
vaccine is available. (deadly viruses only-Ebola,
Marburg, Lassa)
Total containment, airtight labs, “submarine” doors,
air pumps, water treatment, HEPA filtration &
positive pressure “moonsuits
Biosafety Level 4
39
Classification of infective microorganisms by risk group
(no or low individual and community risk) A microorganism that is unlikely to cause human or animal disease.
Risk Group 1
40
Classification of infective microorganisms by risk group
(moderate individual risk, low community risk) A pathogen that can cause human or animal disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community, livestock or the environment. Laboratory exposures may cause serious infection, but effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk of spread of infection is limited.
Risk Group 2
41
Classification of infective microorganisms by risk group
(high individual risk, low community risk)
A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected individual to another. Effective treatment and preventive measures are available.
Risk Group 3
42
Classification of infective microorganisms by risk group
(high individual and community risk)
A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease and that can be readily transmitted from one individual to another, directly or indirectly. Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually available.
Risk Group 4
43
What are the laboratory biorisk management?
ASSESSMENT, MITIGATION, PERFORMANCE
44
What is assessment?
a procedure that analyses and
characterizes biological risks in a
laboratory arising from a hazard
or threat
45
What is Biosafety Risk?
The risk of accidental exposure to or
release of a biological hazard
46
What is Biosecurity Risk?
The risk of intentional removal (theft) of
a valuable biological material
47
What is risk?
is the potential that a chosen action will lead to an undesirable outcome
48
When is hazard/threat identification done?
When is hazard/threat identification done?
Whenever you start a job/task
Throughout the life cycle of the job/task
Whenever there is significant change in the job/task
Whenever there is new knowledge that affects the job/task
If there has been an accident
Periodically depending on the local legislation and/or institutional policy
49
Who does hazard/threat identification?
Personnel who are familiar in the task, procedure, or activity
Lab worker, technician, etc.
Personnel who are familiar with specific hazard
Microbiologist, principal investigator, scientist, etc.
Safety Team/Biosafety Team
Identify hazard from overall perspective.
Other experts as needed
For complex activity, a multi disciplinary team may be necessary
50
Category of Hazards/Threats
Material-biological, chemical, radiological, liquid nitrogen, flammable material, etc.
Equipment-centrifuge, autoclave, etc.
People - pregnant staff, immunocompromised worker, non-competent staff, etc.
Environment-congested laboratory, etc.
Activity - procedures involving aerosol generation, culture, sharp use, etc.
51
Risk category
Laboratory Acquired Infection
(LAI) Intentional/unintentional
release of pathogens
Needle pricks
Failure of lab procedure
Contamination
Slips, trips, falls
Physicalinjuries
Unauthorized access
Damage of property/equipment
Loss/leakage/theft of materials/data/information
52
Hazard category
Pathogen
Clinical/animal
sample
Inexperienced
staff
Irresponsible
staff
Untrained staff
53
Threat category
Terrorists
Disgruntled staff
Inexperienced staff
Irresponsible staff
Untrained staff
54
Hierarchy of controls
❑ Systematic approach to control, reduce, eliminate the
risk of exposure from hazards.
❑ Steps in the hierarchy are in order of effectiveness
❑ Combination of 2 or more control measures to
achieve an acceptable risk.
❑ Types of hazards, severity, exposure must be
considered
55
MITIGATION HIERACHY
ELIMINATION OR SUBSTITUTION
(Physically remove, modify or replace
hazard, most protective)
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
(Isolate people from the
hazard)
ADMINISTRATIVE
CONTROLS
(Change the way people work)
PRACTICES and
PROCEDURES
(Activities to reduce
aerosolization )
PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
(PPE, least protective)
56
Removing the hazard, not working with the agent
or replacing the hazard with something less
dangerous
Elimination or substitution
57
Physical changes to work stations, equipment, materials, production facilities, or any other relevant
aspect of the work environment that reduce or prevent exposure to hazards
Engineering controls
58
Laboratory environment on engineering controls
✓ Air-handling system should move
air from lower to higher risk areas,
never the reverse
✓ Access should be limited to
necessary personnel (biomedical
engineers, janitors)
✓ Biohazard symbol must be
prominently displayed on
laboratory doors and any
equipment (refrigerators,
incubators, centrifuges) that
contain infectious materials
✓ Visitors especially young children
should be discouraged to enter
✓ Certain areas of high risk
(mycobacteriology and
virology laboratories)
should be closed to visitors
59
Engineering controls for biosafety cabinet
✓ A device that encloses a
workplace to protect workers
from aerosol exposure to
infectious agents
✓ Air containing infectious material
is sterilized either by heat,
ultraviolet light, or most
commonly by passage to a HEPA
filter
➢ High Efficiency Particulate Air
(HEPA) filter removes most
particles larger than 0.3 um in
diameter
60
✓ allow room air (unsterilized) to pass into
the cabinet and around the material and
area within, sterilizing only the air to be
exhausted
✓ Have negative pressure
✓ Ventilated outside
✓ Operated with an open front
✓ 75 fpm
BIOLOGIC SAFETY CABINETS (BSC) CLASS I
61
✓ Sterilizes air that flows over
the infectious material as well
as air to be exhausted
BIOLOGIC SAFETY CABINETS
(BSC) CLASS II
62
mostly utilized in hospital settings
BIOLOGIC SAFETY CABINETS (BSC) CLASS II TYPE A
63
70% recirculated to the cabinet work
area through HEPA and 30% exhausted
through HEPA back into the room or to
outside through a canopy unit
- 75 fpm
BIOLOGIC SAFETY CABINETS (BSC) CLASS II TYPE A1
64
similar to IIA1 but with 100 linear fpm
uptake
- under negative pressure to room
- exhaust air can be ducted to outside
through canopy unit
BIOLOGIC SAFETY CABINETS (BSC) CLASS II TYPE A2
65
30% recirculated to the cabinet work
area through HEPA and 70% exhausted
through a dedicated duct to the outside
through HEPA filter
- 100 fpm
BIOLOGIC SAFETY CABINETS (BSC) CLASS II TYPE B1
66
no recirculation, total exhaust to the
outside through a HEPA filter
-100 fpm
BIOLOGIC SAFETY CABINETS (BSC) CLASS II TYPE B2
67
The type C1 cabinet is basically a type B1 cabinet in terms of
airflow pattern.
The cabinet exhausts approximately 60% of the work zone
airflow through a dedicated portion of its centered depressed
work tray/grill pattern and recirculates the remaining airflow,
approximately 40% of work zone airflow through the nondedicated portion work tray grill area.
What makes type C1 cabinet different from a type B1 is that it
has an internal exhaust motor/blower to push the airflow
through the exhaust HEPA filter. Traditional type B1 cabinets
require the facilities exhaust system to pull airflow through the
exhaust HEPA filter and thus require to be direct connected. This
new style cabinet is more like a type A2 with respect to exhaust
in that it can be exhausted back into the room or through a
canopy exhaust connection.
In terms of exhaust requirements, the type C1 will use a bit more
exhaust volume than a type B1 and a type B1 requires a bit more
negative pull or static than a type C1.
BIOLOGIC SAFETY CABINETS (BSC) Class ll Type C1
68
✓ Completely enclosed
✓ Negative pressure
✓ Air coming into and going out of the
cabinet is sterilized through double
HEPA filter system
✓ Cabinet is gas tight and sealed
✓ Operation performed through
rubber gloves attached to the cabinet
BIOLOGIC SAFETY CABINETS (BSC) CLASS III
69
In the laboratory pathogens can
become airborne by:
▪ Removing evacuated tube caps
▪ Manipulation of cultures
▪ Centrifuge, test tube cracks
Practices and procedures
70
Aerosol – Producing Devices
▪ Centrifuge
▪ Needle
▪ Syringes
▪ Pipettes
▪ Shakers
▪ Vacuum and Aspirating Equipments
71
What are the standard precautions for practices and procedures?
➢ In 1987 CDC published guidelines
known as UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION
to reduce the risk of HBV transmission in
clinical laboratories and blood banks
➢ In 1996 the safety recommendation
became known as the STANDARD
PRECAUTIONS.
➢ ALWAYS CONSIDER ANY
SAMPLE AS POTENTIALLY
INFECTIOUS
72
Essentials of Standard Precautions and Safe
Laboratory Work Practices:
✓ Extra belongings or bags must not be
brought inside the microbiology
laboratory
✓ Wear laboratory coats/gowns over street
clothes
✓ Laboratory gowns should be removed
before leaving the laboratory
✓ Do not eat, drink, smoke, or apply
cosmetics (including lip balm)
✓ Do not insert or remove contact lenses
✓ Do not bite nails or chew on pens
✓ Do not mouth-pipette
✓ Limit access to the laboratory to trained
personnel only
✓ Assume all patients are infectious for all
blood-borne pathogens
✓ Take special care to prevent injuries with
sharp objects such as needles and scalpel
❖ Never recap needles by hand
❖ Practice fishing out its cap and securing it by
pressing on the work surface
❖ Discard sharps in an appropriate puncture
resistant containers
✓ Report spills, breakage and injury
❖ Spills should be contained by covering it
with absorbent material and saturate it
with commercial germicide or 1:10
bleach solution, allow to stand for 15
minutes before finally cleaning the
surface.
✓ Minimize aerosol production
✓ Wash hands before and after
laboratory activity
✓ Disinfect laboratory benches/working
surfaces before and after conduct of
laboratory procedures
✓ Disinfectant (Household bleach –
Sodium hypochlorite) must be diluted
1: 10 for porous or dirty surfaces and
1:100 for smooth surfaces and should
not be more than 24 hours old.
✓ Identification and proper waste
segregation
✓ Return all materials and reagents to
proper storage area
✓ Handle equipments properly
✓ Keep the laboratory working
surfaces free of clutter
✓ All materials contaminated with potentially
infectious agents must be decontaminated
before disposal(chemical treatment, moist
heat treatment, boiling)
➢ Infectious wastes must be placed in two –
leak proof plastic bags (double-bagging)
➢ Pipettes, swabs, and other glass objects
should be placed into rigid cardboard
containers
➢ Broken glass is placed in thick boxes,
when full must be autoclaved
➢ Sharp objects including scalpels and
needles are placed in sharps containers
✓ Avoid contaminating the
benches, floors, walls and
wastebaskets
✓ Always use PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS
(PPE)
73
For personal protective equipment
serves as protective barriers of the skin and mucosal surfaces against
cuts, accidental needle sticks, splashes and spills that might otherwise be
detrimental to the microbiologist / medical technologist
74
For personal protective equipment safety
Laboratory coats, gowns, aprons and
coveralls
Laboratory coats and gowns are used to
protect from infectious fluids
Front button cotton laboratory coats may
not be appropriate for working with
large amount of infectious liquid
Rear fastening Gowns may be
appropriate for working at higher
containment
Don’t wear laboratory coats outside of
the lab or take them home!
Cuffed sleeves can protect the wrists and
lower arms
Gowns should not be laundered at home.
75
For Gloves safety
Wear disposable vinyl, synthetic
or N-DEX nitrile gloves when
working with biohazardous
materials
Avoid latex gloves (may cause
allergies)
Replace torn, soiled or damaged
gloves immediately
Do not reuse gloves
Do not wear gloves outside of the
laboratory
Wash hands after removing
gloves
Unfortunately, gloves can be
an effective way to
contaminate everyday surfaces
Remove gloves prior to using
“common” equipment or
items that might be used by
unprotected personnel
When in doubt, throw it
out!
76
Proper Glove Removal
Grasp outside edge near wrist.
Careful not to touch wrist with
gloved hand
Peel away from hand turning glove
inside-out.
Hold in opposite gloved hand.
Slide ungloved finger under the wrist
of the remaining glove, be careful not
to touch the outside of the glove.
Peel off from inside, creating a bag
for both gloves
Discard
Proper washing - Don’t be a dope,
wash with soap
77
What are the types of gloves?
Nitrile,butyl,latex, neoprene
78
– most common type
✓ Made of natural rubber with
outstanding tensile strength
and temperature resistance
✓ Resistant to most acids and
bases
✓ Available with or without
powder
LATEX
79
– made of synthetic
rubber
✓ With high resistance to
abrasions and punctures
✓ Especially suited for
handling harsh chemicals
✓ Substitute for latex type
if allergic to latex
NITRILE
80
– made of synthetic
rubber
✓ Resistant to most acids and
bases, alcohols and solvents
✓ Remain flexible at low
temperatures but are resistant
to cuts, punctures and
abrasions than are nitrile or
rubber gloves
NEOPRENE
81
– made of synthetic
rubber
✓ High permeation
resistance to vapors
✓ Ideal to use with ketones
and esters
BUTYL
82
Foot/Skin Protection
Open toed shoes, sandals and
other open footwear should be
prohibited
Any closed footwear will do to
avoid injury to the feet during
glass breakages, liquid spills
Disposable scrub shoes can be
used
Shorts and other garments that
leave skin unprotected are not
appropriate
83
Eye and Face Protection
PPE can protect mucous membranes and
prevent ingestion whenever there is
potential for splash to eyes/face
especially during the following:
Spill Clean up
Invasive procedures
Other high risk activities
Surgical masks with attached face shield
protects mouth, nose and eyes from
droplets but does not protect from
aerosols: It is not respiratory protection!!!
84
Respiratory Protection
* Designed as last resort or temporary
control measure
* Respiratory protection program is
necessary to ensure safe and proper use
* Two types: air supplying and air purifying
* Full face, half face, PAPR (Powered Air
Purifying Respirator)
* Special considerations: fit testing; facial
hair; comfort; care and maintenance
* Surgical masks are not respirators (look for
the N95)
85
N95 effectivity
respirators remove at least
95% of airborne particles with a
size of 300nm
86
N99 effectivity
respirators remove at least
99% of airborne particles
87
N100 effectivity
respirators remove at least
99.97% of airborne particles
88
HEAD CAPS
✓ Should hold hair securely especially for
females with long hair
✓ Females should securely tie their hair at
the back of their head and securely place
the head cap
89
Elimination or Substitution what is disadvantage and advantage?
Advantages
Immediate reduction of
risk
Disadvantages
Not always available or
possible
90
Engineering what is disadvantage and advantage?
Advantages
Efficient, eliminates
hazard
Disadvantages
Cost, complexity
91
Administrative what is disadvantage and advantage?
Advantages
Authority approach
Disadvantages
Indirect approach,
primarily addresses the
human factor
92
Practices & Procedures what is disadvantage and advantage?
Advantages
Indirect approach,
primarily addresses the
human factor
Disadvantages
Training and supervision
requirements
PPE
93
PPE what is disadvantage and advantage?
Advantages
Ease of use, relative cost
Disadvantages
Does not eliminate
hazard, PPE fails
exposure happens,
uncomfortable, limits
ability, only protects the
user
94
The implementation of the entire biorisk
management system, including evaluating and
ensuring that the system is working the way it
was designed.
Another aspect of performance is the process of
continually improving the system
Performance
95
What are the mailing biohazardous materials?
1. Must meet the requirements of International Air
Transport Association (IATA) and the International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
2. Training in the proper packing and shipping is the
key feature of the regulation
3. Shipper is ultimately responsible for safe and
appropriate packing
4. Fines and penalties are responsibility of shipper
5. Infectious specimens or isolates should be
wrapped with absorbent material and placed
inside a plastic biohazard bag called PRIMARY
RECEPTACLE
6. Primary receptacle is then inserted into a secondary
container, most often a watertight , hard plastic mailer.
7. Secondary container is capped and placed inside an
outer, tertiary container that protects it from physical
and water damage
8. Coolant materials such as ice, dry ice, gel ice, liquid
nitrogen or cold dogs must be provided by the shipper to
ensure proper packaging
9. Forms necessary for the test is placed inside plastic wrapper
and placed securely on top of the tertiary container
10. Shippers Declaration for Dangerous Goods Form must
accompany Air Bill or Ground Form
95
What are risk management process?
Supervise and Evaluate
Develop Controls
Implement Controls
Assess Hazard
Identify Hazard
96
Spill management for clean up materials
Disinfectant solution (10% freshly prepared
bleach is effective in most cases)
▪ Forceps, tongs, broom, dust pan
▪ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): safety
glasses, goggles, or face shield, utility gloves,
wrap-around lab coat, shoe covers (optional)
▪ 'Biohazard' red bag, and sharps container if
needed
▪ Paper towels, blue pads, or other absorbent
97
Spill management for Spill Involving Blood
1. Alert people in immediate area.
2. Don PPE.
3. Cover an area twice the size of the spill with
paper towels. Pour disinfectant solution onto
the spill, starting at the perimeter and working
inward from the edges of the towels. Avoid
splashing.
4. Allow 20 - minute contact period.
5. Wipe down any contaminated stationary
equipment or furniture with disinfectant.
6. Use forceps, tongs, or broom to remove broken
glass and other items; for glass, place in sharps
container or red bag if soft material.
7. Remove towels and re-clean area with
disinfectant solution.
8. Decontaminate (autoclave, chemical treatment)
reusable clean-up items and other reusable
equipment.
9. Inform personnel when the clean-up is
complete.
10. Make a report of the incident
98
What are the good work practices?
A Good Laboratory Work Practice is a practice, technique, or procedure that,when followed, has been
demonstrated to protect lab workers and the environment and reduce the risk of exposure to hazardous agents.
Perform procedures in a manner that will minimize splashing,
spraying, spattering and generation of droplets. If a procedure may cause aerosols or droplets to
form, use containment such as a biological safety cabinet.
Avoiding touching your skin or environmental surfaces (e.g.; door knobs, phones, computer key pads) or
equipment while wearing gloves
Decontaminate all work surfaces with a tuberculocidal disinfectant or sodium
hypochlorite solution (10% dilution of household bleach) following any spill and
following completion of work
Use mechanical pipetting devices -never pipette by mouth.
Human blood, tissue and other potentially infectious materials should be transported in capped containers
which are placed in a second leak proof container, appropriately labeled
Never bend, break, recap, or otherwise manipulate needles. Don’t remove needles from syringe by
hand. If removal is necessary, use a forceps, or sharps containers equipped with a needle
removing device on its lid.
Discard all sharps into approved sharps containers. Sharps containers must be
located in the immediate vicinity of sharps use
▪ Dispose of sharps
containers when
they are ¾ full.
▪ Do not allow
containers to
overfill.
▪ Never reach inside
or attempt to force
items into a sharps
container.
Discard all non sharp material contaminated with blood, body
fluids, or tissue into biohazard bags
99
paper, boxes, cartons, bottles, plastics, tin cans, styropore, syringe wrapper
BLACK BAG (RECYCLABLE)
100
leftover foods, fruit or vegetable peelings, cooking oil
GREEN BAG (BIODEGRADABLE)
101
used gauze, gloves, cotton, catheter, plaster, diaper, tubings
YELLOW BAG (INFECTIOUS WASTE)
102
(Chemical Pharmaceutical Wastes)
empty bothers containers of Betadine lodine, Acetone Alcohol, Anesthetic, acids, disinfectants, laboratory agents, expired and adulterated drugs, vials, drugs for Chemotherapy, used batteries
YELLOW BAG with Black Band
103
Radioactive waste
ORANGE BAG
104
needles, lancets, blades, ampules, broken bottles
Collect all sharps and syringes
105
For black bags
Paper
* Carton
* Styropore
* Boxes
* Bottles
* Syringe wrapper
* Plastics
* Diaper
* Tin cans
106
Green bag waste
* Left over foods
* Fruits & Vegetable Peelings
* Used cooking oil
107
For yellow bag (infectious waste)
* Used gauze
* Catheter
* Gloves
* Plaster
* Infectious diaper
* Tubing's
* Used cotton
108
For yellow bag with black band (Chemical and pharmaceutical waste)
* Empty bottles/containers of Beta dine
* Iodine
* Acetone
* Alcohol
* Anaesthetic
* Acids disinfectants
* Laboratory Reagents
* Expired and adulterated drugs
* Vials
* Drugs for Chemotherapy
* Used batteries
109
For orange bag (radioactive waste)
* Iridium 192
* Technetium 99
* Iodine 131
* Cobalt 90
* Gallium 67
110
For sharp collector
* Needles
* Syringes
* Scalpels
* Knives
* Blades
* Lancet
* Any items that can cause a cut or puncture
wounds
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What are good laboratory practices?
Disinfect waste
before disposal
Chemical
Autoclave
Keep an organized laboratory logbook and keep an inventory
▪ Lock laboratory
doors
▪ Entry to the lab
limited to
authorized
personnel only
Wash hands after
removing gloves, lab
coats or other personal
protective equipment
and when leaving the
work area for general
access areas such as
lunch rooms, libraries,
administration offices
Lab personnel
having appropriate
vaccinations prior
to working with
agent.
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Barriers to good practices
What barriers must be surmounted?
–Convenience:
*Practice: No food or drink allowed in the lab
*Problem: No lunch room
*Result: Food stored and consumed in the lab
*Assumed Risk: Contamination, risk of infection,
accidental exposure
–Inventory:
*Practice: Update the inventory at the end of the day
*Problem: It’s the end of the day, people are tired
*Result: Out of date or incorrect inventory that is
retrospectively updated in the morning of
several days backlog
*Assumed Risk: Theft, misuse, diversion, loss, confusion
