CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY LESSON 1B Flashcards
-The most
fundamental branch,
in which organisms
themselves are
examined in-depth.
- Deals with the deeper
study of a group of
microorganisms
to better understand
their characteristics
Pure Microbiology
What are the two types of pure microbiology?
Taxonomic arrangement and integrative arrangement
Who made taxonomic system?
Carolus Linnaeus
Taxonomywhich literally
means “arrangement
law”
▪ Science of classifying
organisms to construct
internationally shared
classification systems
with each organism
placed into more and
more inclusive
groupings
TAXONOMIC
ARRANGEMENT
What are the branches of taxonomic arrangement?
Bacteriology
Mycology
Protozoology
Parasitology
Nematology
Immunology
Virology
Phycology/Algology
Serving or
intending to
unify separate
system
INTEGRATIVE
ARRANGEMENT
What are the branches of integrative arrangement?
Microbial Cytology
Microbial Physiology
Microbial Genetics
Microbial Ecology
Cellular Microbiology
Evolutionary Microbiology
Generation Microbiology
Systems Microbiology
Molecular Microbiology
Nano Microbiology
Exo Microbiology or Astro Microbiology
Biological Agents
Study of microscopic and sub microscopic details of microorganisms
Microbial Cytology
-Study of how microbial
cells function
biochemically
-Includes the study of
microbial growth,
microbial metabolism
and microbial cell
structure
Microbial Physiology
Study of relationships of microorganisms and their environment
Microbial Ecology
-Study of how genes are
organized and related in
microbes in relation to
their cellular functions.
-Closely related to the
field of Molecular
Biology
Microbial Genetics
A discipline bridging microbiology and cell biology
Cellular Microbiology
Study of evolution of
microbes.
Evolutionary Microbiology
Under evolutionary microbiology this study of naming and classification of microorganisms
Microbial Taxonomy
Under evolutionary microbiology this study of diversity and genetic
relationship of
microorganisms
Microbial Systematics
Study of those microorganisms that have the same characters as their parents
Generation Microbiology
A discipline bridging systems biology and microbiology
Systems Microbiology
Study of molecular principles of the physiological processes of microorganisms
Molecular Microbiology
Study of those microorganisms on nano level
Nano Microbiology
Study of microorganisms in outer space
Exo Microbiology or Astro Microbiology
Study of microorganisms used in weapon industries
Biological Agents
Scientific discipline
that deals with the
application of
microorganisms and
the knowledge about
them
▪ Deals with the study of
microorganisms for
the sole purpose of
benefits to humanity
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
What are the branches of applied microbiology?
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Industrial Microbiology
Microbial Biotechnology
Food Microbiology
Agricultural Microbiology
Medical Microbiology
Aeromicrobiology
or Air Microbiology
Water Microbiology or Aquatic Microbiology
Environmental Microbiology
Veterinary Microbiology
*Study of pathogenic microbes and the
role of microbes in human illness.
* Includes microbial pathogenesis and
epidemiology
* Related to the study of disease
pathology and immunology
* Study of the interactions between men
and the microorganisms in which they
co exist
Medical Microbiology
- Study of microorganisms
related to the production of
antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins,
vaccines and other
pharmaceutical products and
that cause pharmaceutical
contamination and spoil.
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
- The exploitation of
microbes used in
industrial processes. - Fermentation, waste
water treatment,
biotechnology, brewing
Industrial Microbiology
*The manipulation of
microbes at the genetic
and molecular levels to
generate useful
products.
Microbial Biotechnology
- The study of
microorganisms causing
food spoilage and food
borne illness. - Uses microorganisms to
produce food as in
fermentation.
Food Microbiology
- Study of agriculturally relevant
microorganisms
Agricultural Microbiology
Under Agricultural microbiology this study of interaction
between plant microorganisms
and plant pathogens.
Plant Microbiology / Plant Pathology
Under Agricultural microbiology this study of
microorganisms in soil
Soil Microbiology
- Study of role of microbes in veterinary medicine or animal taxonomy
Veterinary Microbiology
*Study of function and diversity of microbes in their natural environment
Environmental Microbiology
*Study of microorganisms found in water
Water Microbiology or Aquatic Microbiology
*Study of airborne microorganisms
Aeromicrobiology or Air Microbiology
What are the consideration for MICROBIOLOGY
LABORATORY SET-UP?
Facility Requirements, Equipments,Supplies and reagent, manpower, license to operate, daily operations
What are the facility requirements for microbiology laboratory?
Receiving of specimens and accessioning, Labeling and processing,
Staining and light microscopy, Dark room ( for dark-field and fluorescence microscopy), Open benches for routine specimen work up, Waste disposal,Media preparation and glassware wash area, Autoclave room,Reagents / supplies storage area, Donning and Doffing Area,Isolation room (for processing of AFB and fungi), if applicable, Separate rooms or specialized molecular based tests,Space for expansion, if applicable
What are the rooms that consider need a separation room?
office,record storage, rest room, lounge/pantry, library/ conference room
What are the CDC recommends for space in laboratory?
Recommends200 sq. ft.to accommodate 2 – 3 persons
For tertiary laboratory what space is required?
60 square meters
What are the other considerations for facility requirements?
-Close proximity of rooms
with related functions
(waste treatment and
wash area).
-Offices should be located near the front entrance and away from
potentially contaminated and odor producing activities.
-Hallways should be at least five feet wide to allow people to pass each other.
-Work areas for potentially infectious organisms are located in the most secluded and secured spaces
What are the safety considerations?
-Fire extinguishers and blankets
should be readily available
throughout the work area.
-Spill cart should be readily accessible and
should contain first aid supplies, PPE and
kits to clean up radioactive, acid, alkali,
corrosive and infectious materials.
-Have automatic fire / smoke
detection systems and sprinklers
installed.
-Follow guidelines in the
proper storage of
chemicals.
-Two means of exit should
be planned in case of fire.
-All electrical outlets
should be grounded.
-Emergency shower
and eyewash
station should be
centrally located in
the laboratory
-Ideally, Emergency
shower and
eyewash station
should be installed
100 feet from each
work area.
-Laboratory staff
should reach the
emergency shower
and eyewash
station in 10
seconds.
-Emergency shower
and eyewash
station should be
supplied with cold
water
Reasons why Emergency Shower and Eyewash Station be supplied with cold water
-Slow the reaction rate of the splashed chemical
-Constrict blood vessels and minimize circulation of an absorbed chemical.
-Help alleviate the pain of chemical contact
-Slow cellular metabolism and enzyme reaction rates
What is the wall requirement for micro. laboratory?
Should be painted
with epoxy for easy
cleaning during
spill accidents
What is the floor requirement for micro. laboratory?
- Vinyl composition
tiles are the most
economical and
effective floor
covering - Coved
What is the furniture requirement for micro. lab?
- Flexible furniture systems that
can be disassembled and
moved - Bench tops should be
impervious to water and
resistant to acids, alkalis,
organic solvents and moderate
heat (cast resin, quarried
stone, particle board or wood
cores with acid resistant
plastic laminate surfaces and
stainless steel) - Benches have a standard
depth of 30 inches
What is the ceiling requirement for micro. lab?
- Acoustic tile ceilings are
permissible for biosafety
level 1 and 2 facilities - Sealed sheetrock or
plaster ceilings with three
coats of epoxy paint are
recommended for
biosafety level 3 facilities
WHAT ARE THE BASIC MICROBIOLOGY EQUIPMENTS?
Microscope with Oil - immersion objective
Staining Rack
Bunsen Burner
Incubator
Drying Oven
Autoclave
Refrigerator
Centrifuge
Electric /Loop Incinerator (Bacticinerator)
Weighing Scale
Biosafety cabinet (Class II Type A)
Water Bath
Candle Jar
Table Lamp
Electric/Gas Stove / Magnetic Stirrer
Nephelometer
Laboratory Thermometer
What are the basic microbiology reagents?
Gram Stain Kit
Acid Fast Stain Kit
10% KOH
Culture Media
Biochemical Tests
Conventional Method
Commercially Prepared
Sensitivity Disk/ Antimicrobial Disk
Mc Farland Standard (0.5)
Control Strains (ATCC)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli
WHAT ARE THE BASIC MICROBIOLOGY SUPPLIES AND GLASSWARES?
Frosted Slides
Inoculating Loop / Inoculating Needles
Applicator Sticks
Filter Paper
Swabs
Forceps
Cover Slips
Caliper/Ruler
Timer
Graduated Cylinder
Beaker
Petri dish
Glass Pipettes
Erlenmeyer Flask
Aluminum Foil
Sterile disposable specimen containers
What are the manpower requirements?
- Clinical Pathologist
- Medical Technologists
- Certificate of training on DSSM for
laboratories with AFB services - Certificate of training on
Bacteriology (Tertiary category) - Certificate of training on Biosafety
and Biosecurity - Duty hours
- Minimum of 8 hours
- Maximum of 12 hours
Work hours and workload requirement for manual testing
- Manual testing: 50 tests/RMT/8 hours
- Manual testing: 75 tests/RMT/12 hours
Work hours and work load requirement for automated testing
- Automated testing: 100 tests/RMT/8 hours
- Automated testing: 150 tests/RMT/12 hours
This the Revised Rules and Regulations
Governing the Licensure and
Regulation of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines
A.O. 2007-0027
What is the purpose of base in the microscope?
*Holds the light source
*Supports the rest of the
microscope
What are the daily operations?
pre-analytic phase, analytic phase, post-analytic phase
What is the purpose of illuminator in the microscope?
- Provides the source of
light - Located in the base
What is the role of coarse adjustment knob?
Allows either the stage or the nosepiece to be slowly raised or lowered to provide initial focusing
What is the purpose of fine adjustment knob?
This knob moves the stage slightly to sharpen the image
What is the role of Abbe condenser?
- Collects and
concentrates
light upward
through the
object on the
stage. - Contains iris
diaphragm
What is the role of diaphragm?
controls the amount of light on the slide/specimen
What is the purpose of the arm?
used to support microscope when carried and hold the entire parts
What are the purpose of stage?
support the specimen
What is the role of nose piece?
Hold the entire objective lens and turn into increase magnification
the three lenses with different
powers that magnifies the
object on the stage
1. 10 X - Low Power
Objective, yellow
(LPO)
2. 40 X – High Power
Objective, blue
(HPO)
3. 100 X – Oil
Immersion
Objective, white
(OIO)
Objective lenses
- The eyepiece
lenses through
which the object on
stage is viewed. - Can be monocular
or binocular. - Usually provide
additional
magnification of 5
or 10 times.
Ocular lenses / Eyepiece
What are the Proper use of Microscopes?
-Do not tilt the
microscope, instead,
adjust your stool so you
can comfortably use the
instrument.
-Always carry the
microscope with two
(2) hands. One hand
beneath the base and
the other hand on the
arm of the
microscope.
-Clean the
microscope lenses
with lens paper and
lens cleaner. Do not
use paper towels,
they can scratch the
lenses.
-Do not remove the
oculars or any other
parts from the body of
the microscope.
-After using the microscope,
place the LPO in line with
the ocular, lower the tube to
its lowest position, clean the
oil from the oil immersion
lens with lens paper and
lens cleaner.
-cover the
microscope after
use and return to
its proper
storage place.
What are the hints and precautions using microscope?
-Forcing the fine or coarse
adjustment knobs beyond
their gentle stopping points
can render the microscope
useless.
-The lower the magnification,
the less light should be
directed upon the object.
-The fine adjustment knob
should be centered prior to use
to allow for maximum
adjustment in either direction
-If slide is inadvertently placed
upside down on the stage, low
and high power can be focused
but it will be impossible to bring
the object into focus using OIO.
-Slides should always be placed
on and removed from the stage
when the low power objective is
in place. Removing a slide when
the higher objectives are in
position may scratch the lenses.
-Those who wear
eyeglasses to correct
near-sightedness or farsightedness need not use
their eyeglasses when
focusing the microscope.
-Those who wear
eyeglasses for
astigmatism must wear
their eyeglasses when
focusing the microscope.
Microscope cannot
correct for astigmatism.
-Eyeglasses should not
touch the oculars for
proper viewing, either the
oculars or the eyeglasses
might be scratched
Proper focusing of microscope
-Secure the LPO in place; make sure it is aligned with the
body tube.
-Using the coarse adjustment knob, focus the slide preparation.
-Adjust the iris diaphragm and condenser to attain light agreeable to the vision of the viewer.
-Switch to HPO; make sure it is aligned with the body tube.
-Using the fine adjustment knob focus the slide preparation.
-Adjust the iris diaphragm and condenser to attain light agreeable to
the vision of the viewer.
-Without disturbing the stage adjustment, remove the HPO in place
and drop immersion oil on the smear area.
-Switch to OIO; make sure it is aligned with the body tube.
-Using the fine adjustment knob focus the slide preparation.
-Adjust the iris diaphragm and condenser to attain light agreeable to the vision of the viewer.
