Lesson 2 - Integrative Approach Flashcards
Includes causal factors from the field of genetics and neuroscience
Biological Dimensions
Includes causal factors from behavioral and cognitive processes including learned helplessness, social learning, prepared learning, and even unconscious processes,
Psychological Dimension
Attempts to trace the origins of behavior to a single cause
One-dimensional model
Systematic and often interdisciplinary, and hold that a system of different reciprocal influences interact in complex ways to yield the major etiological and maintaining processes responsible for abnormal behavior
Multi-dimensional models
Demonstrated that our physical characteristics are largely determined by genetic endowment
Gregor Mendel
Long molecules of DNA at various locations on chromosomes, within the cell nucleus
Genes
Each normal human cells has __ chromosomes arranged in __ pairs
46 ; 23
The first __ pairs of chromosomes provide program or directions for the development of the body and brain
22
The last pair of chromosomes are called the ________
Sex chromosomes
One pair of gene that strongly influences a particular trait, and we only need one of them to determine a trait
Dominant Gene
A pair of gene that must be paired with another recessive gene to determine a trait
Recessive Gene
An individual’s complete set of genes
Genome
Trisomy 21, where a person inherits an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
Down Syndrome
Individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress
Diathesis-stress model
Literally means a condition that makes someone susceptible to developing a disorder
Diathesis
Genetic endowment may increase the probability to create the very environment risk factors that trigger genetic vulnerabilities
Reciprocal gene-environment model
Applies to the development of depression, because some people may tend to seek out difficult relationships or other circumstances that lead to depression
Reciprocal gene-environment model
Explaining the development of psychological disorder involves noting the complex interplay of genetic endowment and environmental events.
Non-genomic “inheritance” of behavior
This filed focuses on understanding the role of the nervous system in disease and behavior.
Neuroscience
Consists of the brain and spinal cord and processes all information received from our sense organs and reacts as necessary
Central Nervous System
A small space that exist between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another
Synaptic Cleft
Chemicals released from a nerve cell to another across the synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitters
The most primitive part and is responsible for most of the automatic functions necessary for survival
Brain stem
The lowest part of the brainstem, and contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. Controls activities like breathing, heartbeat, and digestion
Hindbrain
Contains parts of the Reticular activating system, contributes to arousal, tension, and walking and sleeping
Midbrain
Includes the following structure: Hippocampus, Cingulate gyrus, septum, and amygdala
Limbic System
Largest part of the forebrain
Cerebral Cortex
Associated with recognition of sights and sounds and long term memory storage
Temporal Lobe
Associated with touch recognition
Parietal Lobe
Integrates visual input
Occipital lobe
Largely responsible for thinking and reasoning abilities and memory
Frontal Lobe
Works in coordination with the brain stem to ensure proper bodily functioning
Peripheral Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System consists of the:
Somatic Nervous System & Automatic Nervous System
An excitatory neurotransmitter that turns on neurons, leading to action
Glutamate
Reduces postsynaptic activity which in turn, inhibits several behaviors and emotions, particularly anxiety
GABA
Makes it easier for GABA to attach to specialized receptors
Benzodiazepines
Concentrated in the midbrain and connected to the cortex, thus producing widespread effects on behavior, mood, and thought process
Serotonin
Stimulates at least alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors
Norepinephrine
Has been implicates in schizophrenia and may act by switching on various brain circuits that inhibit or facilitate emotions or behavior
Dopamine
The lack of behavior shown by an organism when it encounters conditions over which no control is possible
Learned Helplessness
Albert Bandura observed that organisms can learn simply by watching others in their environment
Modeling
Reflects the recognition that biology and genetics influence what we learn and how readily we do so
Prepared Learning
The alarm reaction that activates during potentially life-threatening emergencies
Flight or Fight Response
Speculated that fear activates the cardiovascular system
Walter Cannon
An Action tendency to behave in a certain way that is elicited
Emotion
A more persistent period of affect or emotionality
Mood
refers to the momentary emotional tone that accompanies what we say or do
Affect
