Lesson 1 - Historical Context

Question 1

It is a psychological dysfunction within an individual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected

Answer 1

Psychological disorder, or abnormal behavior

Question 2

refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

Answer 2

Psychological dysfunction

Question 3

the scientific study of psychological disorders.

Answer 3

Psychopathology

Question 4

Specially trained professionals in the field of abnormal psychology

Answer 4

counseling psychologists
Psychiatrists
Psychiatric social workers
marriage and family therapists

Question 5

Many mental health professionals take a scientific approach to their clinical work and therefore are called _______________

Answer 5

scientist-practitioners

Question 6

a traditional shorthand way of indicating why the person came to the clinic

Answer 6

Presents

Question 7

Represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder.

Answer 7

Clinical Description

Question 8

how many people in the population as a whole have the disorder?

Answer 8

Prevalence

Question 9

Statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period represents the _________

Answer 9

incidence

Question 10

meaning that they tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime.

Answer 10

chronic course

Question 11

the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time.

Answer 11

episodic course

Question 12

the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period.

Answer 12

time-limited course

Question 13

disorders that begin suddenly

Answer 13

Acute onset

Question 14

disorders that develop gradually over an extended period

Answer 14

insidious onset

Question 15

The anticipated course of a disorder

Answer 15

prognosis

Question 16

the study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.

Answer 16

Etiology

Question 17

Three major models of abnormal behavior

Answer 17

supernatural model
biological model
psychological model

Question 18

First surgical treatment in the supernatural tradition

Answer 18

Trephining

Question 19

Supernatural treatment where various religious rituals were performed to rid the victim of evil spirits.

Answer 19

Exorcism

Question 20

A phenomenon characterized by large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior.

Answer 20

Mass Hysteria

Question 21

Mass hysteria may simply demonstrate the phenomenon of ________________, in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us

Answer 21

Emotion Contagion

Question 22

Suggested that the movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on
people’s psychological functioning.

Answer 22

Paracelsus

Question 23

Paracelsus’s theory inspired the word _______

Answer 23

Lunatic

Question 24

considered to be the father of modern Western medicine.

Answer 24

Hippocrates

Question 25

adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and his associates and developed them further

Answer 25

Galen

Question 26

Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids called ______

Answer 26

Humors

Question 27

Four Bodily Humors

Answer 27

Blood Black bile Yellow bile Phlegm

Question 28

describes someone who is ruddy in complexion, presumably from copious blood flowing through the body, and cheerful and optimistic

Answer 28

Sanguine

Question 29

means depressive (depression was thought to be caused by black bile flooding the brain)

Answer 29

Melancholic

Question 30

indicates apathy and sluggishness but can also mean being calm under stress

Answer 30

Phlegmatic

Question 31

(from yellow bile or choler) is hot tempered

Answer 31

Choleric

Question 32

a carefully measured amount of blood was removed from the body, often with leeches.

Answer 32

Bloodletting

Question 33

Two treatments that were developed to balance humors

Answer 33

Bloodletting Vomitting

Question 34

a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain, include believing that everyone is plotting against you (delusion of persecution) or that you are God (delusion of grandeur), as well as other bizarre behaviors.

Answer 34

Advanced Syphilis

Question 35

The champion of the biological tradition in the United States

Answer 35

John P. Grey

Question 36

Manfred Sakel, began using increasingly higher dosages of Insulin until, finally, patients convulsed and became temporarily comatose. Some actually recovered their mental health, much to the surprise of everybody, and their recovery was attributed to the convulsions.

Answer 36

Insulin Shock Therapy

Question 37

Basic tenets included treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction

Answer 37

Moral therapy

Question 38

appeared in the 16th century, but they were more like prisons than hospitals.

Answer 38

Asylums

Question 39

__________ Campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of insanity and was a reason for the decline of moral therapy

Answer 39

Dorothea Dix

Question 40

widely regarded as the father of hypnosis, a state in which extremely suggestible subjects sometimes appear to be in a trance

Answer 40

Anton Mesmer

Question 41

It is therapeutic to recall and relive emotional trauma that has been made unconscious and to release the accompanying tension. This release of emotional material became known as

Answer 41

Catharsis

Question 42

Freud expanded his observations into __________________ , the most comprehensive theory yet constructed on the development and structure of our personalities

Answer 42

Psychoanalytic model

Question 43

the source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies.

Answer 43

Id

Question 44

The energy or drive within the id

Answer 44

Libido

Question 45

Overriding goal of maximizing pleasure and eliminating any associated tension or conflicts.

Answer 45

Pleasure Principle

Question 46

this type of thinking is emotional, irrational, illogical, filled with fantasies, and preoccupied with sex, aggression, selfishness, and envy

Answer 46

Primary Process

Question 47

The part of our mind that ensures that we act realistically

Answer 47

Ego

Question 48

thinking style characterized by logic and reason

Answer 48

Secondary Process

Question 49

what we might call conscience, represents the moral principles instilled in us by our parents and our culture

Answer 49

Superego

Question 50

unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions associated with conflicts in check so that the ego can continue its coordinating function.

Answer 50

Defense Mechanisms

Question 51

patients come to relate to the therapist much as they did to important figures in their childhood, particularly their parents

Answer 51

Transference

Question 52

therapists project some of their own personal issues and feelings, usually positive, onto the patient

Answer 52

countertransference

Question 53

The underlying assumption is that all of us could reach our highest potential, in all areas of functioning, if only we had the freedom to grow.

Answer 53

Self-Actualizing

Question 54

In this approach, the therapist takes a passive role, making as few interpretations as possible. The point is to give the individual a chance to develop during the course of therapy,

Answer 54

Person-centered therapy

Question 55

the complete and almost unqualified acceptance of most of the client’s feelings and actions

Answer 55

Unconditional Positive Regard

Question 56

The sympathetic understanding of the individual’s particular view of the world

Answer 56

Empathy

Question 57

Also known as the cognitive-behavioral model or social learning model

Answer 57

Behavioral Model

Question 58

a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response

Answer 58

Classical Conditioning

Question 59

Individuals were gradually introduced to the objects or situations they feared so that their fear could extinguish

Answer 59

Systematic Desensitization