Lesson 1 - Historical Context Flashcards
It is a psychological dysfunction within an individual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected
Psychological disorder, or abnormal behavior
refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
Psychological dysfunction
the scientific study of psychological disorders.
Psychopathology
Specially trained professionals in the field of abnormal psychology
counseling psychologists
Psychiatrists
Psychiatric social workers
marriage and family therapists
Many mental health professionals take a scientific approach to their clinical work and therefore are called _______________
scientist-practitioners
a traditional shorthand way of indicating why the person came to the clinic
Presents
Represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder.
Clinical Description
how many people in the population as a whole have the disorder?
Prevalence
Statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period represents the _________
incidence
meaning that they tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime.
chronic course
the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time.
episodic course
the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period.
time-limited course
disorders that begin suddenly
Acute onset
disorders that develop gradually over an extended period
insidious onset
The anticipated course of a disorder
prognosis
the study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.
Etiology
Three major models of abnormal behavior
supernatural model
biological model
psychological model
First surgical treatment in the supernatural tradition
Trephining
Supernatural treatment where various religious rituals were performed to rid the victim of evil spirits.
Exorcism
A phenomenon characterized by large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior.
Mass Hysteria
Mass hysteria may simply demonstrate the phenomenon of ________________, in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us
Emotion Contagion
Suggested that the movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on
people’s psychological functioning.
Paracelsus
Paracelsus’s theory inspired the word _______
Lunatic
considered to be the father of modern Western medicine.
Hippocrates
adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and his associates and developed them further
Galen
Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids called ______
Humors
Four Bodily Humors
Blood
Black bile
Yellow bile
Phlegm
describes someone who is ruddy in complexion, presumably from copious blood flowing through the body, and cheerful and optimistic
Sanguine
means depressive (depression was thought to be caused by black bile flooding the brain)
Melancholic
indicates apathy and sluggishness but can also mean being calm under stress
Phlegmatic
(from yellow bile or choler) is hot tempered
Choleric
a carefully measured amount of blood was removed from the body, often with leeches.
Bloodletting
Two treatments that were developed to balance humors
Bloodletting
Vomitting
a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain, include believing that everyone is plotting against you (delusion of persecution) or that you are God (delusion of grandeur), as well as other bizarre behaviors.
Advanced Syphilis
The champion of the biological tradition in the United States
John P. Grey
Manfred Sakel, began using increasingly higher dosages of Insulin until, finally, patients convulsed and became temporarily comatose. Some actually recovered their mental health, much to the surprise of everybody, and their recovery was attributed to the convulsions.
Insulin Shock Therapy
Basic tenets included treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction
Moral therapy
appeared in the 16th century, but they were more like prisons than hospitals.
Asylums
__________ Campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of insanity and was a reason for the decline of moral therapy
Dorothea Dix
widely regarded as the father of hypnosis, a state in which extremely suggestible subjects sometimes appear to be in a trance
Anton Mesmer
It is therapeutic to recall and relive emotional trauma that has been made unconscious and to release the accompanying tension. This release of emotional material became known as
Catharsis
Freud expanded his observations into __________________ , the most comprehensive theory yet constructed on the development and structure of our personalities
Psychoanalytic model
the source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies.
Id
The energy or drive within the id
Libido
Overriding goal of maximizing pleasure and eliminating any associated tension or
conflicts.
Pleasure Principle
this type of thinking is emotional, irrational, illogical, filled with fantasies, and preoccupied with sex, aggression, selfishness, and envy
Primary Process
The part of our mind that ensures that we act realistically
Ego
thinking style characterized by logic and reason
Secondary Process
what we might call conscience, represents the moral principles instilled in us by our parents and our culture
Superego
unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions associated with conflicts in check so that the ego can continue its coordinating function.
Defense Mechanisms
patients come to relate to the therapist much as they did to important figures in their childhood, particularly their parents
Transference
therapists project some of their own personal issues and feelings, usually positive, onto the patient
countertransference
The underlying assumption is that all of us could reach our highest potential, in all areas of functioning, if only we had the freedom to grow.
Self-Actualizing
In this approach, the therapist takes a passive role, making as few interpretations as possible. The point is to give the individual a chance to develop during the course of therapy,
Person-centered therapy
the complete and almost unqualified acceptance of most of the client’s feelings and actions
Unconditional Positive Regard
The sympathetic understanding of the individual’s particular view of the world
Empathy
Also known as the cognitive-behavioral model or social learning model
Behavioral Model
a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response
Classical Conditioning
Individuals were gradually introduced to the objects or situations they feared so that their fear could extinguish
Systematic Desensitization
