Lesson 2: History/Theories of Globalization Flashcards
Roughly occurred over the 19th century ending in 1914
First wave of globalization
The end of the World War II marked a new beginning for the global economy. Under the leadership of a new hegemon, the United States of America, and aided by the technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution, like the car and the plane, global trade started to rise once again
Second wave of globalization
When the wall dividing East and West fell in Germany, and the Soviet Union collapsed, globalization became an all-conquering force
Third wave of globalization
Scientific Revolution:
Age of Discovery
Raw Materials/Basic Goods:
Age of Discovery
Europe:
Age of Discovery
Textiles/Industrial Goods
Globalization 1.0
1st Industrial revolution:
Globalization 1.0
Railroad and trains:
Globalization 1.0
Ships, and navigation:
Age of Discovery
Britain:
Globalization 1.0
Factories:
Globalization 2.0
2nd Industrial Revolution:
Globalization 2.0
Automobiles and Plane:
Globalization 2.0
World:
Globalization 2.0
Global Supply Chain:
Globalization 3.0
3rd Industrial Revolution:
Globalization 3.0
United States:
Globalization 3.0
Computers, Internet:
Globalization 3.0
Digital Goods/Services
Globalization 4.0
4th Industrial Revolution
Globalization 4.0
Artificial Intelligence
Globalization 4.0
China:
Globalization 4.0
Sees the process of globalization as market-led extension of modernization. At the most elementary level, it is a result of ‘natural’ human desires for economic welfare and political liberty.
Theory of Liberalism
Transplanetary connectivity is derived from human drives to maximize material well-being and to exercise basic freedoms. These forces eventually interlink humanity across the planet
Theory of Liberalism
Stress the necessity of constructing institutional infrastructure to support globalization
Theory of Liberalism
Its supporters neglect the social forces that lie behind the creation of technological and institutional underpinnings
Theory of Liberalism
They are culture blind and tend to overlook historically situated life-worlds and knowledge structures which have promoted their emergence.
Theory of Liberalism
They overlook the phenomenon of power. There are structural power inequalities in promoting globalization and shaping its course
Theory of Liberalism
Often they do not care for the entrenched power hierarchies between states, classes, cultures, sexes, races and resources.
Theory of Liberalism
Advocates of this theory are interested in questions of state power, the pursuit of national interest, and conflict between states
Theory of Political Realism
According to them states are inherently acquisitive and self-serving, and heading for inevitable competition of power
Theory of Political Realism
Globalization has also been explained as a strategy in the contest for power between several major states in contemporary world politics
Theory of Political Realism
They concentrate on the activities of Great Britain, China, France, Japan, the USA and some other large states.
Theory of Political Realism
Highlight the issues of power and power struggles and the role of states in generating global relations.
Theory of Political Realism
At some levels, globalization is considered as antithetical to territorial states. States, they say, are not equal in globalization, some being dominant and others subordinate in the process.
Theory of Political Realism
They fail to understand that everything in globalization does not come down to the acquisition, distribution and exercise of power
Theory of Political Realism
Neglect the importance and role of other actors in generating globalization. These are sub-state authorities, macro-regional institutions, global agencies, and private-sector bodies
Theory of Political Realism
Is principally concerned with modes of production, social exploitation through unjust distribution, and social emancipation through the transcendence of capitalism
Theory of Marxism
Capital by its nature drives beyond every spatial barrier to conquer the whole earth for its market’
Theory of Marxism
Globalization happens because trans-world connectivity enhances opportunities of profit-making and surplus accumulation.
Theory of Marxism
Reject both liberalist and political realist explanations of globalization
Theory of Marxism
The ______in dependency and world-system theories examine capitalist accumulation on a global scale on lines of core and peripheral countries
Neo-Marxists
____ highlight the significance of underclass struggles to resist globalizing capitalism not only by traditional labor unions, but also by new social movements of consumer advocates, environmentalists, peace activists, peasants, and women.
Neo-Gramscians
_____ is a key axis of power in globalization
Class
Globalization has also arisen because of the way that people have mentally constructed the social world with particular symbols, language, images and interpretation. It is the result of particular forms and dynamics of consciousness
Theory of Constructivism
Patterns of production and governance are second-order structures that derive from deeper cultural and socio-psychological forces. Such accounts of globalization have come from the fields of Anthropology, Humanities, Media of Studies and Sociology.
Theory of Constructivism
Concentrate on the ways that social actors ‘construct’ their world: both within their own minds and through inter-subjective communication with others.
Theory of Constructivism
They conceive of themselves as inhabitants of a particular global world. National, class, religious and other identities respond in part to material conditions but they also depend on inter-subjective construction and communication of shared self-understanding
Theory of Constructivism
When they go too far, they present a case of social-psychological reductionism ignoring the significance of economic and ecological forces in shaping mental experience. This theory neglects issues of structural inequalities and power hierarchies in social relations. It has a built-in apolitical tendency.
Theory of Constructivism
Strive to understand society in terms of knowledge power: power structures shape knowledge. Certain knowledge structures support certain power hierarchies.
Theory of Postmodernism
This dominant structure of knowledge in modern society is ‘rationalism’. It puts emphasis on the empirical world, the subordi¬nation of nature to human control, objectivist science, and instrumentalist efficiency
Theory of Postmodernism
______produces a society overwhelmed with economic growth, technological control, bureaucratic organization, and disciplining desires.
Modern rationalism
This mode of knowledge has authoritarian and expansionary logic that leads to a kind of cultural imperialism subordinating all other epistemologies. It does not focus on the problem of globalization per se
Theory of Postmodernism
, helps to go beyond the relatively superficial accounts of liberalist and political realist theories and expose social conditions that have favored globalization.
Theory of Postmodernism
Postmodernism suffers from its own methodological idealism. All material forces, though come under impact of ideas, cannot be reduced to modes of consciousness. For a valid explanation, interconnection between ideational and material forces is not enough
Theory of Postmodernism
It puts emphasis on social construction of masculinity and femininity. All other theories have identified the dynamics behind the rise of trans-planetary and supra-territorial connectivity in technology, state, capital, identity and the like.
Theory of Feminism
Biological sex is held to mold the overall social order and shape significantly the course of history, presently globality. Their main concern lies behind the status of women, particularly their structural subordination to men. Women have tended to be marginalized, silenced and violated in global communication.
Theory of Feminism
This theory has been expounded by David Held and his colleagues. Accord¬ingly, the term ‘globalization’ reflects increased interconnectedness in political, economic and cultural matters across the world creating a “shared social space”.
Theory of Trans-formationalism
globalization may be defined as “a process (or set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions, expressed in transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction and power
Theory of Trans-formationalism
Argue that “contemporary globalization defines a new era in which people everywhere are increasingly subject to the disciplines of the global marketplace
Hyperglobalists
ostensibly argue that “globalization is a myth which Conceals the reality of an interna¬tional economy increasingly segmented into three major regional blocs in which national governments remain very powerful.”
Sceptics
Argue that globalization occurs as “states and societies across the globe are experiencing a process of profound change as they try to adapt to a more interconnected but highly uncertain world”.
Transformationalists
______is a general configuration of knowledge. It is secular as it defines reality in terms of the tangible world of experience. It understands reality primarily in terms of human interests, activities and conditions.
Modern rationalism
It holds that phenomena can be understood in terms of single incontrovertible truths that are discoverable by rigorous application of objective research methods.
Modern rationalism
It is instrumentalist. It assigns greatest value to insights that enable people efficiently to solve immediate problems. It subordinates all other ways of understanding and acting upon the world
Rationalism
