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A&P Section 1: Cells, Tissues, and Organization > Lesson 2: Cellular Structures of the Body > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Cellular Structures of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

Germ Cells

A

Sex cells (egg and sperm)

spermatozoa (sperm cells) 300 million made in testes per day

oocyte –> ovum once fertilization happens
one oocyte released from the ovary each month

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2
Q

Somatic cells

A

All the other cells in the body

epithelial, blood cells, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, muscle cells, and nervous cells

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3
Q

What type of cells form linings and coverings in the body and their function is to act as a protective surface, secretory surface, or absorptive surface, regulating the movement of substances into and out of the body?

A

Epithelial Cells

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4
Q

What are the most common type of blood cells?

A

Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes

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5
Q

What is the function of the red blood cells?

A

Bind to oxygen in the lungs and carry it to tissues in the body and exchange it for waste product CO2

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6
Q

What type of cell is to identify, capture, and eliminate invading pathogens or foreign particles?

A

White blood cells or leukocytes

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7
Q

What are the types of WBC?

A

Neutrophil, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

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8
Q

What are immature bone-producing cells present in bone marrow and other connective tissues?

A

Osteoblasts

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9
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

They synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components, which are used to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue and initiate calcification

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10
Q

What are large, flat, branching support cells present in most connective tissues?

A

Fibroblasts

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11
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

They secrete fibers including collagen and some ground substance components of the ECM. Provide structural framework for tissues

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12
Q

What are the three types of muscle cells?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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13
Q

Skeletal muscles cells do what?

A

Make up skeletal muscles that attach to the skeleton via tendons or a connective tissue sheet (aponeurosis). Contract under voluntary control

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14
Q

Smooth muscles do what?

A

Found in walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and intrinsic (internal) muscles of the eye. Involuntary. Propel and expel liquid within and from the body, peristalsis, regular the diameter of blood vessels

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15
Q

What cells have long extensions that are sensitive to external stimuli and allow them to respond to and communicate information through electrical and chemical signals?

A

Nerve cells or neurons

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16
Q

Cell’s central organelle; contains the cell’s DNA

A

Nucleus

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17
Q

The jelly-like substance in which the cell organelles and nucleus are embedded

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

Thin and flexible membrane surrounding the cells that acts as a barrier between the intracellular and the extracellular fluids

A

Cell membrane

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19
Q

A porous double membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope

20
Q

A jelly-like fluid within the nucleus whose main function is the storage of the DNA

A

Nucleoplasm

21
Q

Spherical bodies containing the genetic materials that are the largest and most prominent components of the cell nucleus

A

Nucleoli

22
Q

A bead-like structure found within the chromosomes containing the DNA and protein

A

Chromatin

23
Q

The solution or aqueous part within the cytoplasm in which many organelles are suspended

A

Cytosol

24
Q

The tiny “organs” or structures within the cytoplasm, which perform specific functions responsible for the growth, maintenance, and reproduction of an organism

A

Cytoplasm Organelles

25
Q

Cell organelle responsible for protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

26
Q

A network of membranes that are important for protein and lipid synthesis

A

ER

27
Q

A stack of small flat sacs of membranes in the cytoplasm, which prepare protein and fat molecules

A

Golgi complex

28
Q

Membrane-bound cell organelles containing digestive enzymes that disintegrate decayed cell parts and may also destroy viruses and bacteria

A

Lysosomes

29
Q

The powerhouse of the cell that helps in ATP production and storage

A

Mitochondria

30
Q

“Water-loving”

A

Hydrophilic

31
Q

“water-repelling,” or a substance that gets repelled by water

A

Hydrophobic

32
Q

A specific function of the plasma membrane that allows passage of selected substances into and out of the cell

A

Selective permeability

33
Q

A process in the cell membrane that requires cellular energy to move polar and charged solutes in the plasma membrane in opposition to their electrochemical gradient

A

Active transport

34
Q

The difference in concentration of substances on one side of a membrane compared with the other

A

Gradient

35
Q

A process in the cell membrane that requires no energy to move particles

A

Passive transport

36
Q

The passive transport of particles from areas of high to those of low concentration

A

Diffusion

37
Q

Type of diffusion that does not require the assistance of membrane proteins

A

Simple diffusion

38
Q

Type of diffusion that requires the assistance of membrane proteins

A

Facilitated diffusion

39
Q

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area where solutes are less concentrated to an area where they are more concentrated

A

Osmosis

40
Q

Uses specific carrier proteins to move solutes across the cell membrane against their concentration

A

Primary active transport

41
Q

Uses the energy stored in gradients to move other substances against their own gradients

A

Secondary active transport

42
Q

A single cell divides into two cells with an identical number of chromosomes

A

Somatic cell division (mitosis)

43
Q

The offspring cells have half the number of chromosomes as the original cell

A

Reproductive cell division (meiosis)

44
Q

Thread-like structures located inside the nucleus containing the genetic material

A

Chromosomes

45
Q

DNA structure

A

double helix structure with small repeating units called nucleotides

46
Q

Nucleotide structure

A

A phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four different protein bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine)

A&P Section 1: Cells, Tissues, and Organization (5 decks)

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