Lesson 2: Cellular Structures of the Body Flashcards
Germ Cells
Sex cells (egg and sperm)
spermatozoa (sperm cells) 300 million made in testes per day
oocyte –> ovum once fertilization happens
one oocyte released from the ovary each month
Somatic cells
All the other cells in the body
epithelial, blood cells, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, muscle cells, and nervous cells
What type of cells form linings and coverings in the body and their function is to act as a protective surface, secretory surface, or absorptive surface, regulating the movement of substances into and out of the body?
Epithelial Cells
What are the most common type of blood cells?
Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes
What is the function of the red blood cells?
Bind to oxygen in the lungs and carry it to tissues in the body and exchange it for waste product CO2
What type of cell is to identify, capture, and eliminate invading pathogens or foreign particles?
White blood cells or leukocytes
What are the types of WBC?
Neutrophil, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
What are immature bone-producing cells present in bone marrow and other connective tissues?
Osteoblasts
What do osteoblasts do?
They synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components, which are used to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue and initiate calcification
What are large, flat, branching support cells present in most connective tissues?
Fibroblasts
What do fibroblasts do?
They secrete fibers including collagen and some ground substance components of the ECM. Provide structural framework for tissues
What are the three types of muscle cells?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Skeletal muscles cells do what?
Make up skeletal muscles that attach to the skeleton via tendons or a connective tissue sheet (aponeurosis). Contract under voluntary control
Smooth muscles do what?
Found in walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and intrinsic (internal) muscles of the eye. Involuntary. Propel and expel liquid within and from the body, peristalsis, regular the diameter of blood vessels
What cells have long extensions that are sensitive to external stimuli and allow them to respond to and communicate information through electrical and chemical signals?
Nerve cells or neurons
Cell’s central organelle; contains the cell’s DNA
Nucleus
The jelly-like substance in which the cell organelles and nucleus are embedded
Cytoplasm
Thin and flexible membrane surrounding the cells that acts as a barrier between the intracellular and the extracellular fluids
Cell membrane
A porous double membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
A jelly-like fluid within the nucleus whose main function is the storage of the DNA
Nucleoplasm
Spherical bodies containing the genetic materials that are the largest and most prominent components of the cell nucleus
Nucleoli
A bead-like structure found within the chromosomes containing the DNA and protein
Chromatin
The solution or aqueous part within the cytoplasm in which many organelles are suspended
Cytosol
The tiny “organs” or structures within the cytoplasm, which perform specific functions responsible for the growth, maintenance, and reproduction of an organism
Cytoplasm Organelles
Cell organelle responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosome
A network of membranes that are important for protein and lipid synthesis
ER
A stack of small flat sacs of membranes in the cytoplasm, which prepare protein and fat molecules
Golgi complex
Membrane-bound cell organelles containing digestive enzymes that disintegrate decayed cell parts and may also destroy viruses and bacteria
Lysosomes
The powerhouse of the cell that helps in ATP production and storage
Mitochondria
“Water-loving”
Hydrophilic
“water-repelling,” or a substance that gets repelled by water
Hydrophobic
A specific function of the plasma membrane that allows passage of selected substances into and out of the cell
Selective permeability
A process in the cell membrane that requires cellular energy to move polar and charged solutes in the plasma membrane in opposition to their electrochemical gradient
Active transport
The difference in concentration of substances on one side of a membrane compared with the other
Gradient
A process in the cell membrane that requires no energy to move particles
Passive transport
The passive transport of particles from areas of high to those of low concentration
Diffusion
Type of diffusion that does not require the assistance of membrane proteins
Simple diffusion
Type of diffusion that requires the assistance of membrane proteins
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area where solutes are less concentrated to an area where they are more concentrated
Osmosis
Uses specific carrier proteins to move solutes across the cell membrane against their concentration
Primary active transport
Uses the energy stored in gradients to move other substances against their own gradients
Secondary active transport
A single cell divides into two cells with an identical number of chromosomes
Somatic cell division (mitosis)
The offspring cells have half the number of chromosomes as the original cell
Reproductive cell division (meiosis)
Thread-like structures located inside the nucleus containing the genetic material
Chromosomes
DNA structure
double helix structure with small repeating units called nucleotides
Nucleotide structure
A phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four different protein bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine)
