Lesson 2: Cellular Structures of the Body

Question 1

Germ Cells

Answer 1

Sex cells (egg and sperm)

spermatozoa (sperm cells) 300 million made in testes per day

oocyte –> ovum once fertilization happens
one oocyte released from the ovary each month

Question 2

Somatic cells

Answer 2

All the other cells in the body

epithelial, blood cells, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, muscle cells, and nervous cells

Question 3

What type of cells form linings and coverings in the body and their function is to act as a protective surface, secretory surface, or absorptive surface, regulating the movement of substances into and out of the body?

Answer 3

Epithelial Cells

Question 4

What are the most common type of blood cells?

Answer 4

Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes

Question 5

What is the function of the red blood cells?

Answer 5

Bind to oxygen in the lungs and carry it to tissues in the body and exchange it for waste product CO2

Question 6

What type of cell is to identify, capture, and eliminate invading pathogens or foreign particles?

Answer 6

White blood cells or leukocytes

Question 7

What are the types of WBC?

Answer 7

Neutrophil, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

Question 8

What are immature bone-producing cells present in bone marrow and other connective tissues?

Answer 8

Osteoblasts

Question 9

What do osteoblasts do?

Answer 9

They synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components, which are used to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue and initiate calcification

Question 10

What are large, flat, branching support cells present in most connective tissues?

Answer 10

Fibroblasts

Question 11

What do fibroblasts do?

Answer 11

They secrete fibers including collagen and some ground substance components of the ECM. Provide structural framework for tissues

Question 12

What are the three types of muscle cells?

Answer 12

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Question 13

Skeletal muscles cells do what?

Answer 13

Make up skeletal muscles that attach to the skeleton via tendons or a connective tissue sheet (aponeurosis). Contract under voluntary control

Question 14

Smooth muscles do what?

Answer 14

Found in walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and intrinsic (internal) muscles of the eye. Involuntary. Propel and expel liquid within and from the body, peristalsis, regular the diameter of blood vessels

Question 15

What cells have long extensions that are sensitive to external stimuli and allow them to respond to and communicate information through electrical and chemical signals?

Answer 15

Nerve cells or neurons

Question 16

Cell’s central organelle; contains the cell’s DNA

Answer 16

Nucleus

Question 17

The jelly-like substance in which the cell organelles and nucleus are embedded

Answer 17

Cytoplasm

Question 18

Thin and flexible membrane surrounding the cells that acts as a barrier between the intracellular and the extracellular fluids

Answer 18

Cell membrane

Question 19

A porous double membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Answer 19

Nuclear envelope

Question 20

A jelly-like fluid within the nucleus whose main function is the storage of the DNA

Answer 20

Nucleoplasm

Question 21

Spherical bodies containing the genetic materials that are the largest and most prominent components of the cell nucleus

Answer 21

Nucleoli

Question 22

A bead-like structure found within the chromosomes containing the DNA and protein

Answer 22

Chromatin

Question 23

The solution or aqueous part within the cytoplasm in which many organelles are suspended

Answer 23

Cytosol

Question 24

The tiny “organs” or structures within the cytoplasm, which perform specific functions responsible for the growth, maintenance, and reproduction of an organism

Answer 24

Cytoplasm Organelles

Question 25

Cell organelle responsible for protein synthesis

Answer 25

Ribosome

Question 26

A network of membranes that are important for protein and lipid synthesis

Answer 26

ER

Question 27

A stack of small flat sacs of membranes in the cytoplasm, which prepare protein and fat molecules

Answer 27

Golgi complex

Question 28

Membrane-bound cell organelles containing digestive enzymes that disintegrate decayed cell parts and may also destroy viruses and bacteria

Answer 28

Lysosomes

Question 29

The powerhouse of the cell that helps in ATP production and storage

Answer 29

Mitochondria

Question 30

"Water-loving"

Answer 30

Hydrophilic

Question 31

"water-repelling," or a substance that gets repelled by water

Answer 31

Hydrophobic

Question 32

A specific function of the plasma membrane that allows passage of selected substances into and out of the cell

Answer 32

Selective permeability

Question 33

A process in the cell membrane that requires cellular energy to move polar and charged solutes in the plasma membrane in opposition to their electrochemical gradient

Answer 33

Active transport

Question 34

The difference in concentration of substances on one side of a membrane compared with the other

Answer 34

Gradient

Question 35

A process in the cell membrane that requires no energy to move particles

Answer 35

Passive transport

Question 36

The passive transport of particles from areas of high to those of low concentration

Answer 36

Diffusion

Question 37

Type of diffusion that does not require the assistance of membrane proteins

Answer 37

Simple diffusion

Question 38

Type of diffusion that requires the assistance of membrane proteins

Answer 38

Facilitated diffusion

Question 39

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area where solutes are less concentrated to an area where they are more concentrated

Answer 39

Osmosis

Question 40

Uses specific carrier proteins to move solutes across the cell membrane against their concentration

Answer 40

Primary active transport

Question 41

Uses the energy stored in gradients to move other substances against their own gradients

Answer 41

Secondary active transport

Question 42

A single cell divides into two cells with an identical number of chromosomes

Answer 42

Somatic cell division (mitosis)

Question 43

The offspring cells have half the number of chromosomes as the original cell

Answer 43

Reproductive cell division (meiosis)

Question 44

Thread-like structures located inside the nucleus containing the genetic material

Answer 44

Chromosomes

Question 45

DNA structure

Answer 45

double helix structure with small repeating units called nucleotides

Question 46

Nucleotide structure

Answer 46

A phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four different protein bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine)