Lesson 1: Organization and Structure of the Body Flashcards
Levels of Organization (smallest to largest)
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism
The human body is made up of _____?
Atoms
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up _____% of the body’s mass.
96
Atoms combine to form what?
Molecules, ex. Water, Glucose, DNA
What makes up a cell’s structure and function?
The sum of the chemical reactions
The reactions are confined to specific regions called _____
Organelles
What are the four basic types of tissues?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
A group of cells form what?
Tissues
An organ is a structure composed of two ore more different types of _____
Tissue
Related organs working for a common function constitute a ______
System
How many systems are there in the human body? What are they?
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, reproductive, lymphatic, cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, and urinary
What does the integumentary system consist of?
Skin and associated skin components, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nails
What is the function of the Integumentary system?
Protects the body from the external environment, excretes metabolic wast, help make Vitamin D, and detects pain, touch, dehydration, and changes in temperature
What does the skeletal system consist of?
Bones and cartilage associated with joints
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Protects the body, provides support and a framework for muscles, contains bone marrow for blood cells to develop in, and stores minerals like Calcium
What does the muscular system consist of?
Primarily skeletal muscles, but also cardiac (in the heart) and smooth (within the viscera and alimentary canal and blood vessels’ walls)
What is the function of the muscular system?
Enables the body to move by opposing muscular contraction and relaxation, maintain posture, and thermoregulation
What does the nervous system consist of?
The brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs (e.g. eyes, ears, and taste buds)
CNS and PNS
What is the function of the nervous system?
- Detecting changes in the internal and external environment, encode them into electrical impulses, and transmit them along the nerves
- Process electrical impulses and making decisions, either consciously or unconsciously
- Activate muscles or glands to induce a response to stimulus
What does the endocrine system consist of?
Endocrine organs (pituitary, thyroid, pineal, parathyroid, and adrenal glands) and endocrine tissues (found within the hypothalamus, pancreas, thymus, gonads, heart, stomach, and small intestine)
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Hormones alter the metabolism. Hormones can affect only one type of cell, or very general affecting many cells
What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
Blood, heart, and blood vessels
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Pumps bloody through blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove metabolic waste from cells, regular water content, acid-base balance, and temp of body
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
Lymphatic fluid (lymph), lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, lymph nodules, and thymus
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Responsible for transporting various substances, takes lipids from the GI tract to the blood and transports excess proteins and fluids back to the bloodstream. Development of lymphocytes (responsible for fighting disease
What does the respiratory system consist of?
Air passageways: pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs
What is the function of the respiratory system?
O2 and CO2 gas exchange with blood, and regulation of the acid-base balance and sound production
What does the digestive system consist of?
Digestive tract (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestine), as well as assist digestion organs (the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas)
What is the function of the digestive system?
Responsible for the breakdown of ingested food, physically and chemically, so nutrients can be absorbed, absorption of water, removal of undigested food, maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
What does the urinary system consist of?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
What is the function of the urinary system?
Filters blood to extract metabolic waste, maintain acid-base and mineral balance, regulate the production of red blood cells (monitors blood volume)
What does the female reproductive system consist of?
Gonads (ovaries), uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, labia, and mammary glands
Function of female reproductive system
Female gonads produce oocytes, release hormones that regulate reproduction and development, responsible for fetal development, childbirth, and nourishment of the fetus and child
What does the male reproductive system consist of?
Gonads (testes), epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis, and scrotum
What is the function of the male reproductive system?
Male gonads produce sperm, release hormones the regulate reproduction and development.
