LESSON 2: APHASMID NEMATODA (ADENOPHOREA) Flashcards
What is the common name of Trichinella spiralis?
Trichina worm
Trichinella spiralis:
a. What is the Infective stage
b. Main Habitat
c. Final Host
d. (T/F) Intermediate hosts of T. spiralis same animal as the final host
a. Encysted larva
b. small intestine, skeletal muscles (larva)
c. hogs, rats, man
d. TRUE
Trichinella spiralis:
First found in the muscle of patient that was autopsied by __________ in _______ in 1828
peacock in London in 1828
Trichinella Spiralis:
In 1835 ______ was the first investigator to describe and name the insisted larvae
Richard Owen
3 sub spp. that can infect a man in Trichinella Spiralis:
a. ______________ – temperate regions
b. ______________ – Artic region (artic bears)
c. ______________ – found in Africa (African
predators and scavengers)
a. Trichinella spiralis spiralis
b. Trichinella spiralis nativa
c. Trichinella spiralis nelson
What are the diseases when a person is infected with T. spiralis?
Trichinosis
Trichiniasis
Trichinellosis
Trichinella spiralis: LARVA
a. at birth: _________ & highly coiled
b. it can reach _________ when it enters a _________
c. has ________ -like burrowing tip at its tapering ________
d. grows rapidly about ____ mm
e. the digestive tract of a mature larvae insisted in a muscle fiber resembles that of an ________
f. the reproductive organ of the T. spiralis is __________ developed, but even then it is already possible to identify the sex of the parasite whether it is a male or a female
a. at birth: 80-120 µm
b. it can reach 900-1000 µm when it enters a muscle fiber
c. has spear-like burrowing tip at its tapering anterior end
d. grows rapidly about 1 mm
e. the digestive tract of a mature larvae insisted in a muscle fiber resembles that of an adult worm
f. the reproductive organ of the T. spiralis is not yet fully developed, but even then it is already possible to identify the sex of the parasite whether it is a male or a female
Trichinella spiralis: ADULTS
Rarely seen in _______ or _____________
stool or any material
T. spiralis: FEMALE
a. Measures __ mm x __ mm
b. Posterior end: _______
anterior fifth: with _______
c. Has a ______ in the ______ part of the body
d. It has an ______ , a ______ , a uterus, a ______ and a ______
e. (T/F): Smaller than males
f. LARVIPAROUS – lay ________
g. Can live for _____ which capable of producing ________ or more in her life time
a. Measures 3.5 mm x 0.06 mm
b. Posterior end: bluntly rounded; anterior fifth: with single vulva
c. Has a single ovary in the posterior part of the body
d. It has an oviduct, a seminal receptacle, a uterus, a vagina and a vulva
e. FALSE - Larger than males
f. LARVIPAROUS – lay larvae
g. Can live for 30 days which capable of producing 1500 larvae or more in her life time
T. spiralis: MALES
a. Measures __ mm x __ mm
b. posterior end: ______________ with two lobular ______________
c. it has a ______________ located near the ______________ part of the body
d. Joined in the mid-body by the ______________ which extends up to the ______________
e. Has a pair of caudal appendages and two pairs of papillae
a. Measures 1.5 mm x 0.04 mm
b. posterior end: ventrally curved with two lobular caudal appendages
c. it has a single testis located near the posterior part of the body
d. Joined in the mid-body by the genital tube which extends up to the cloaca
e. Cloaca
What is the habitat of Trichinella spiralis?
Small intestine
Skeletal muscle (larva)
Is Man is only an accidental host in Trichinella spiralis?
TRUE
Requires 2 hosts in order to complete the life cycle
Blind Alley Cycle
TRUE OR FALSE:
When humans are infected with T. spiralis it is considered as a dead-end infection
True
LIFE CYCLE OF T. SPIRALIS:
The larvae will lodge itself to the ______ → ______ → ______ → finally lodging itself to the ______
The larvae will lodge itself to the mucosa → lymphatic system
→ circulation → finally lodging itself to the striated muscles
TRUE OR FALSE:
T. spiralis is acquired most commonly to the ingestion of infected pork
True
What Clinical Phase of Trichinella Spiralis is usually seen in the first week of infection
Intestinal Phase
Intestinal Phase:
Small intestinal____ and _______
edema and inflammation
What Clinical Phase can also be known as the incubation/ intestinal invasion?
Intestinal Phase
INTESTINAL PHASE:
a. Signs and symptoms: ______, ______, ______,______, ______, and ______, ______
b. __________ in severe case can also be found as well as ______, and ______,
a. Signs and symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain,
diarrhea, headache and fever, myalgia
b. Splenomegaly in severe case can also be found as well as
gastric and intestinal hemorrhages
What Clinical phase of Trichinella spiralis is also known as larval migration and muscle invasion?
Migration Phase
MIGRATION PHASE happens up to the 6th week of infection with the following signs and symptoms:
a. _____________
b. Blurred vision as well as ___________
c. Edema of the ______ and _____
d. _______, _______
e. ___________ (15-40% for 1 month)
f. 4th to 8th week: ________
g. _________ inflammation
h. Edema and pain of _________
i. Larval ________
a. High fever (40oC)
b. ocular disturbances
c. face and eyes
d. Cough, pleural pains
e. Eosinophilia (15-40% for 1 month)
f. 4th to 8th week: death
g. Acute local inflammation
h. Edema and pain of musculature
i. Larval encystation
What are the predominating symptoms of the Migration Phase seen in Trichinella spiralis?
Eosinophilia
Orbital edema
Muscular pain and tenderness
Shallow and painful breathing
General weakness
What Clinical Phase of T. spiralis is where fever, weakness, pain and other symptoms start to abate
Encystment / Encapsulation Phase
Encystment / Encapsulation Phase:
a. Full recovery is expected in this phase since trichinellosis is a
___________
b. (T/F) Self-limiting disease: eventually Trichinella spiralis will die. It just has a specific life cycle once it enters the human body, it
will undergo its life cycle and during this phase the parasite
will die
a. self-limiting disease
b. True
What diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis uses a sample of Gastrocnemius and biceps?
Muscle Biopsy
Muscle biopsy is digested with?
Pepsin-hydrochloride
Muscle Biopsy:
Samples should be taken at week of infection?
3rd or 4th
What diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis uses an antigen preparation of Trichinella larva?
Bachman Intradermal Test
Bachman Intradermal Test observe after how many minutes?
30 mins
Positive result of Bachman Intradermal Test
large elevated swelling at the site of injection
This is done when meat is suspected of harboring the existed larvae of trichinella and feeding the meat to the albino rats
Beck’s Xenodiagnosis
Observation is done 14 days after inoculation for the presence
of female worm in the duodenum, and larvae in the muscles
of the experimental animal.
Beck’s Xenodiagnosis
This would provide the confirmatory diagnosis but the problem with this one is that there is a late rise of the antibody titers which usually commences 3-4 weeks after a light infection
Serodiagnosis
During heavy infections, titers may rise as early as 2 weeks
Serodiagnosis
Enumerate other diagnosis used in the detection of Trichinella spiralis
Serodiagnosis
Beck’s xenodiagnosis
Bentonite Flocculation
Latex Flocculation
IFAT
ELISA
Blood Count: Eosinophilia
Prevention of Trichinella spiralis:
a. Elimination of encysted larva in hogs through _________ at __°C for 24 hours
b. Extermination of _____ and _____ around farms. This would now
prevent the further spread of the parasite
c. Thorough cooking of _____
a. Elimination of encysted larva in hogs through freezing at -30
°C for 24 hours
b. Extermination of rats and mice around farms. This would now
prevent the further spread of the parasite.
c. Thorough cooking of pork
This was described in the Philippines in 1963 after the death of the first human case
Capillaria philippinensis
An epidemic occurred in 1967- 1968 where more than 1000
cases were reported and also 100 individuals died
Capillaria philippinensis
Descendant of Trichuridae
Capillaria philippinensis
Capillaria philippensis:
a. It is a tiny nematode that resides in small intestine of humans
and the esophagus has rolls of secretory cells called
__________
b. The entire esophageal structure is called _________
a. stichocytes
b. stichosomes
Common name of Capillaria philippensis
Pudoc worm
It has a common name of pudoc worm
Capillaria philippensis
What are the diseases related to Capillaria philippensis?
o Capillariasis or Mystery Disease
o Malabsorption Syndrome - Flattening of the villi
Capillaria philippinensis: MALE
a. size: ____ to ____ mm
b. caudal alae; _______, ___________
c. The spicule is ____ - _____ mL
a. size: 2.3-3.17 mm
b. caudal alae; long, non-spiny sheath
c. The spicule is 230- 300 mL
Capillaria philippinensis: FEMALE
a. size: ___ to ___ mm
b. What are 2 Divisions in Females?
o Anterior- __________ and __________
o Posterior- ________ and ______________
c. The vulva is located at the junction of the ________ and the ________ of the body
a. size: 2.4-4.3 mm
b. What are 2 Divisions: Anterior & Posterior
o Anterior- esophagus and esophageal glands
o Posterior- Intestine and reproductive organs
c. The vulva is located at the junction of the anterior and the
middle third of the body
Capillaria philippinensis: FEMALE
a. What are the 2 types of adult female?
a. Atypical and Typical Female
Capillaria philippinensis: FEMALE
TYPICAL OR ATYPICAL FEMALE:
1) Uterus lined with 2-3 rows of eggs
2)Uterus lined with 1 row of egg
3) Larviparous
4) Oviparous
5) causes internal auto-reinfection
1) Atypical female
2) Typical female
3) Atypical female
4) Typical female
5) Atypical female
Capillaria philippensis: OVA
a. Color: ________
b. Size: __ x __ µ
c. similar to that of ________
d. smaller & ________
e. ________ plugs
f. ________ shape
g. Passed in the feces and embryonate in the ________ or ________ and they must reach the water in order to be ingested by small species of fresh water or
brackish water fish
a. Color: Pale yellow
b. Size: 42x20 µ
c. similar to that of T. trichiura
d. smaller & more striated shells
e. Flattened plugs
f. Peanut shape
g. Passed in the feces and embryonate in the soil or
water and they must reach the water in order to be
ingested by small species of fresh water or
brackish water fish
What parasite has a peanut shape?
C. philippensis
What parasite has a color pale yellow ova?
C. philippensis
What parasite has a flattened plugs seen in the ova?
C. philippensis
Give the 4 IH of Capillaria philippensis
Glassfish, “Bagsit”, “Bagsang”, “ipon”
What is the DH of Capillaria philippensis?
Man and Birds
Main Habitat of Capillaria philippensis?
Large & Small Intestine
Laboratory Diagnosis of Capillaria philippensis?
Direct Fecal Smear, Sedimentation
Diagnostic Stage of Capillaria philippensis
Fertilized Ova
Capillaria philippensis: FEMALE
a. size: __ - ___ m
b. Divisions:
o Anterior – _______ and ________
o Posterior – ________ and ________
a. size: 2.4 – 4.3 m
b. Divisions:
o Anterior – esophagus and esophageal glands
o Posterior – intestine and reproductive organs
Capillaria philippensis: MALE
a. size: ____ - ____ mm
b. caudal alae; ______, _____________
a. size: 2.3 – 3.17mm
b. caudal alae; long, non-spiny sheath
Predominant Symptoms of Capillaria philippensis
borborygmi
abdominal pain
Diarrhea (chronic)
When C. philippensis is left untreated it may cause:
a. weight loss; _________
b. _________, _________
c. _________
d. _________, _________, and _________
e. Death: _________, after these are seen
f. It can cause low electrolyte level specifically the _________, and there are high levels of __ during capillariasis
a. weight loss; malaise
b. vomiting; dehydration
c. anorexia
d. pneumonia, heart failure and cerebral edema
e. Death: 2 – 8 weeks after these are seen
f. It can cause low electrolyte level specifically the potassium
and there are high levels of IgE during capillariasis
Drug of choice for C. philippensis
Albendazole
C. philippensis: ALBENDAZOLE
a. ____ mg/day for 10 days
b. destroys _____ readily
a. 400
b. larvae
C. philippensis: MEBENDAZOLE
____ mg twice a day for ___ days or
____ mg/day for __ days
200 FOR 20 days
400 mg for 20 days
Laboratory Diagnosis for C. philippensis
DFS & Concentration technique
Mode of Transmission for C. philippensis
Eating infected fish
It has a common name of Capillary liver worm
Capillaria hepatica
Capillaria hepatica:
1) What is the infective stage?
2) What is the definitive hosts?
3) What is the habitat of C. hepatica?
1) Infective stage: embryonated ova
2) Definitive Hosts: rats, dogs, cats, monkeys and
rarely in human
3) Habitat: liver of the host
What parasite resembles lemon-shaped eggs?
Capillaria hepatica
The ova of Capillaria hepatica resembles that of?
Trichuris trichiura
The ova of the outer shell of C. hepatica resembles?
pitted like golf ball
Capillaria hepatica: MALE ADULT
males are half as long as the female with slightly __________
chitinized spicule
Diagnosis of Capillaria hepatica
Liver biopsy (revealing characteristic egg and parasite)
Transmission of C. hepatica:
1) Eating of ___________
2) Ingestion of contaminated food and drinks (_______________)
1) Eating of dog’s meat
2) Ingestion of contaminated food and drinks (embryonated ova)
Trichuris trichuria:
Synonyms: ______________, ______________
Trichocephalus trichiurus, Trichocephalus dispar
It has a Common name of whipworm
Trichuris trichuria
What is the common name of Trichuric trichuria
Whipworm
What is the common name of Trichuric trichuria
Whipworm
Trichuris trichuria:
1) Infective stage: __________
2) Principal host: _______ , but has been found in ______, ______, ______, ______, _______
3) Main habitat: _______ & ________
4) Life span: ____ years
1) Infective stage: embryonated ova
2) Principal host: man, but has been found in hogs, monkeys,
cattle, dogs, mice
3) Main habitat: cecum & appendix
4) Life span: 5-10 years
What parasite has an ova that resembles Barrel/football-shaped, Japanese lantern
Trichuris trichuria
The ova of Trichuris trichuria resembles?
Barrel/ football-shaped, Japanese lantern
Trichuris trichuria:
1) ____µm x _____ µm in size
2) 3 layers:
a. ________, ________ embryo
b. outermost layer – ________, ________
c. ___________ / _________
1) 50 µm x 25µm in size
2) 3 layers:
a. undeveloped, unicellular embryo
b. outermost layer – smooth, bile-stained
c. Hyaline/Mucus plug
Trichuris trichuria: ADULT
a. _______ – colored
b. anterior _________ is __________ (_________)
c. _________ type of esophagus
a. flesh
b. three-fifths is attenuated (whiplike)
c. stichosoma
Trichuris trichuria: ADULT MALE
1) _____ mm
2) posterior portion: _______ at what degree
3) _________ protruding through a refractile pineal sheath
4) ____________ at the posterior portion of the
male
1) 30-45 mm
2) posterior portion: coiled ( 360 Degree)
3) lanceolate spicule protruding through a refractile pineal sheath
4) inverted spiculate at the posterior portion of the
male (picture)
Trichuris trichuria: ADULT FEMALE
1) ____ mm
2) ___________ rounded ________ end
3) _____________ eggs per day
1) 35-50 mm
2) bluntly rounded posterior end
3) 3,000-10,000 eggs per day
What is the infective stage of Trichuris trichuria?
Embryonated ova
Diagnosis of Trichuris trichuria
Diagnosis:
o Direct Fecal Smear
o Kato Thick smear
o Concentration Methods
What diseases in T. trichuria causes Bloody or mucoid diarrhea
Trichuriasis
Trichuriasis:
1) __________ and __________
2) ______________ tenderness
3) Increased __________ and __________
4) Other effects are __________
5) Obstruction and inflammation of the __________
known as __________
6) __________ and __________
7) Extreme __________ (the weakness and wasting due to severe chronic illness. It is sometimes present in test
1) Weight loss and weakness
2) Abdominal pain tenderness
3) Increased peristalsis and rectal prolapse
4) Other effects are nausea , no ef
5) Obstruction and inflammation of the appendix
(appendicitis)
6) Hypoalbuminemia and IDA
7) Extreme cachexia (the weakness and wasting due to severe chronic illness. It is sometimes present in test.
Trichuriasis, it is the weakness and wasting due to severe chronic illness. It is sometimes present in test
Cachexia
Treatment for Trichuriasis and give the dose
Mebendazole (500mg)
Albendazole (400mg)
Prevention of Trichuriasis
1) Sanitary disposal of ________
2) Thorough washing of ________
3) Thorough washing and cooking of ________
4) Avoid using ___________ as fertilizer
1) Sanitary disposal of feces
2) Thorough washing of hands
3) Thorough washing and cooking of food
4) human feces
What parasite causes the disease of Trichucephaliasis?
T. trichuria
HI GUYS DONT STRESS URSELF TOO MUCH, IK U GUYS CAN DO IT :) HIHIHI TITI
TITI
What parasite is found in Europe, North and South America as well as China
Dioctophyma renale
What parasite is found in Europe, North and South America as well as China
Dioctophyma renale
Known as the largest parasitic nematode of domesticated animals
Dioctophyma renale
What is the Synonym of Dioctophyma renale?
Eustrongylus gigas
It has a common name of Giant Kidney Worm
Dioctophyma renale
What is the common name of Dioctophyma renale?
Giant Kidney Worm
Dioctophyma renale:
1) Adults are blood _____ in color and ________ (slightly) on both ends
2) What is the infective stage of D. renale?
3) Habitat: ________ (typically the __________) and less frequently to the abdominal cavity of mammals
1) Adults are blood red in color and attenuated (slightly) on both ends
2) Infective stage: 3rd stage larva
3) Habitat: Kidney (typically the right kidney) and less frequently to the abdominal cavity of mammals
The habitat of this parasite is the Kidney (typically the right kidney) and less frequently to the abdominal cavity of mammals
Dioctophyma renale
T/F: Dioctophyma renale
It destroys the kidney substance leaving an
enlarged cystic shell containing the coiled worm
and purulent material.
If both kidneys were invaded, the host would die
and the worm would become extinct.
True for titi
Dioctophyma renale:
1) Definitive - _____, _____, ______ and other carnivores; fish eating mammals
2) Intermediate - _____________
3) Paratenic - ____ and _____
1) Definitive - Mink, dogs, foxes, and other carnivores; fish eating mammals
2) Intermediate - Oligochaete annelids
3) Paratenic - Fish and frogs
Life span of Dioctophyma renale
Life span: 5 years
What is the diagnosis of Dioctophyma renale?
eggs in urine (Urine sedimentation)
What is the specimen of choice of D. renale?
Poops or Weewee
Urine
Clinical Significance of Infection in D. renale:
1) Usually the _________is able to serve the entire body and the infection is asymptomatic
2) Sometimes the host shows sign of kidney trouble
3) Vomiting often occurs when the _________ stage penetrates into the wall of the _________
1) Usually the left kidney is able to serve the entire body and the infection is asymptomatic
2) Sometimes the host shows sign of kidney trouble
3) Vomiting often occurs when the third larval stage penetrates
into the wall of the stomach
Treatment of Dioctophyma renale
surgical excision (removal) of the infected kidney
T/F for Dictophyma renale:
do not feed animals raw fish
True for titi
The ova of this parasite is ellipsoidal and brownish-yellow
Dioctophyma renale
What is the ova of D. renale?
Ellipsoidal and brownish yellow
Dioctophyma renale: OVA
1) _____________ depressions
2) Diagnosis: eggs in ______
1) deeply sculptured depressions
2) Diagnosis: eggs in urine
Dioctophyma renale: ADULTS
1) _________ red in color
2) __________ (slightly) on both ends
1) blood red in color
2) attenuated (slightly) on both ends
Dioctophyma renale: MALE ADULT
1) Size: ____ cm x _____ mm
2) ________ copulatory bursa
3) not supported by r_____; covering of _________
1) Size: 14-20 cm x 4-6 mm
2) Bell-shaped copulatory bursa
3) not supported by rays; covering of papillae
This male adult parasite has bell-shaped copulatory bursa
Dioctophyma renale
Dioctophyma renale: FEMALE ADULT
1) vulva: ____________ near _________
1) vulva: midventral near anterior
LIFE CYCLE OF D. RENALE
1. __________ eggs are shed in _______
- Eggs embryonate in the _______
- Eggs ingested by _______ host (_______)
- _______ encyst in the _______ host and do not develop any further
- Carnivores (including _______ and _______) serve as the ______________ hosts and become infected after ingesting paratenic or intermediate hosts
- Human can become an incidental host after eating _______ paratenic hosts
Sowy sinama ko yan baka lumabas eh. Kasi saamin puro life cycle. Baka ganun din si mareng Jaleh. Enjoy mga titi friends
- Unembryonated eggs are shed in urine
- Eggs embryonate in the water
- Eggs ingested by intermediate host (earthworms)
- Larvae encyst in the paratenic host and do not develop any
further - Carnivores (including canids and mustelids) serve as the
primary definitive hosts and become infected after ingesting
paratenic or intermediate hosts - Human can become an incidental host after eating
undercooked paratenic hosts
