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PARASITOLOGY > Collection of Fecal Sample to Egg Hatching Assay > Flashcards

Collection of Fecal Sample to Egg Hatching Assay Flashcards

1
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
In the collection of fecal sample, the container should be sterile, disposable, wide mouth with tight-fitting lid, transparent
(for physical examination of the specimen)

A

TRUE

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2
Q

This is very critical when collecting sample

A

Container

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3
Q

Enumerate the collection of fecal samples

A
  1. Container
  2. AVOID CONTAMINATION WITH URINE, WATER AND SOIL.
  3. LABEL
  4. HANDLE CAREFULLY BECAUSE IT IS A POTENTIAL SOURCE
    OF INFECTION
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4
Q

Enumerate the samples which are unsuitable samples are from patients receiving:

A

Barium
Oil
Bismuth
Kaolin
Antibiotics

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5
Q

Enumerate the types of stool specimen

A

Dry and hard/ Scybalous
Ribbonlike
Mushy
Diarrheic

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6
Q

What type of stool specimen is spastic colitis?

A

Ribbonlike

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7
Q

What type of stool specimen does not retain the bowel cast?

A

Mushy

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8
Q

What type of stool specimen is
due to trapped gases?

A

Mushy

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9
Q

What type of stool specimen will readily flows upon tilting of the container because it is watery.

A

Diarrheic

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10
Q

In the preservation of stool samples, we should never ____

A

Incubate

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11
Q

In the preservation of stool samples, should be maintained at room temperature for how many minutes?

A

30 minutes

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12
Q

In the preservation of stool samples, Stool is allowed at room temperature for only how many minutes?

A

30 minutes

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13
Q

In the preservation of stool samples, Refrigeration should be at what temperature and maintained for how many days?

A

4-8 degree Celsius for 2-3 days

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14
Q

Chemical means of preservation:
It is a chemical used for the preparation of stained smears

A

Polyvinyl Alcohol

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15
Q

Chemical means of preservation:
It is prepared in the lab or purchased commercially

A

Polyvinyl Alcohol

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16
Q

Chemical means of preservation:
What are the composition of PVA?

A

Schaudinn’s fluid 93.5 mL
Glycerol 1.5 mL
Glacial acetic acid 5.0 mL
Polyvinyl alcohol, powdered 5.0 g

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17
Q

Chemical means of preservation:
5-10% of formalin is formalinized specimens be prepared thru?

A
  1. Wet mounts
  2. with or without iodine (direct fecal smear same
    with wet mounts)
  3. Concentration techniques
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18
Q

What is the Quality control for formalin?

A

Temperature favors development of helminth eggs

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19
Q

Chemical means of preservation:
Transcribe MIF

A

MERTHIOLATE-IODINE-FORMALIN

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20
Q

Chemical means of preservation:
MIF is also known as

A

Thimerosal Iodine Formalin (TIF)

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21
Q

Chemical means of preservation:
This will stain (Iodine) for direct wet mounts of fresh specimens

A

Thimerosal Iodine Formalin (TIF) or MIF

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22
Q

Enumerate the composition of MIF

A

Tincture of Merthiolate 200 mL
Formaldehyde 25 mL
Glycerol 5 mL
Distilled water 250 mL

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23
Q

Enumerate the composition of Lugol’s Iodine

A

Iodine 5 g
Potassium Iodide 10 g
Distilled water 100 mL

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24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
For the chemical MIF, in the solutions are mixed in the following proportion per gram
of feces which will serve as the dye

A

TRUE

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25
Q

How many mL of MF will be multiplied with Lugols Iodine?

A

9.4 mL MF X 0.6 mL Lugol’s

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26
Q

Chemical means of preservation:
It is for fresh materials obtained from intestinal mucosal linings

A

SCHAUDINN’S

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27
Q

What is the composition of Schaudinn’s?

A

HgCl2 solution Two parts
95 % ethyl alcohol One part

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28
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
For the composition of Schaudinns
HgCl2 solution One part
95 % ethyl alcohol Two parts

A

FALSE

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29
Q

What is the advantage of using Sodium acetate- acetic acid formalin (SAF)?

A

Does not contain HgCl2

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30
Q

What is the disadvantage of using Sodium acetate- acetic acid formalin (SAF)?

A

Images of organisms are not sharp after staining

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31
Q

This chemical does not contain HgCl2?

A

Sodium acetate- acetic acid formalin (SAF)

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32
Q

Transcribe SAF

A

Sodium acetate- acetic acid formalin

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33
Q

In the Examination of fecal sample / Importance of Fecalysis:
It is used to detect what?

A

the presence of parasites

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34
Q

In the Examination of fecal sample / Importance of Fecalysis:
It is used to detect the evidence of ?

A

dysfunction of some parts of the GIT, liver and pancreas

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35
Q

In the Examination of fecal sample / Importance of Fecalysis:
(TRUE OR FALSE)It is used to detect the evidence of GIT bleeding?

A

TRUE

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36
Q

In the Examination of fecal sample / Importance of Fecalysis:
It is used to detect the evidence for the detection of excessive fats in the stool. The excessive fats in stool is known as?

A

Steatorrhea

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37
Q

In the Examination of fecal sample / Importance of Fecalysis:
It is used as a clue in the diagnosis of?

A

Medical and surgical diagnosis

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38
Q

What is the form and consistency of this stool, soft and formed?

A

Normal

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39
Q

Enumerate the other form and consistency of this stool

A

o very soft and watery
o excessively hard and scybalous
o Rice water stool
o Pea-soup stool
o Flattened or ribbonlike
o Butter like
o Gaseous and fermentative

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40
Q

Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Cannot be punctured with an applicator stick

A

Hard

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41
Q

Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Maintains shape, can be punctured

A

Formed

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42
Q

Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Bottom side flattens in the container

A

Semi-formed

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43
Q

Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Can be cut with an applicator stick

A

Soft

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44
Q

Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Can be reshaped with applicator stick

A

Mushy

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45
Q

Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Stool shapes to container

A

Loose

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46
Q

Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Stool will flow slowly out of the container

A

Diarrheic

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47
Q

Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Fluid-like stool pours out of the container

A

Watery

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48
Q

What type of bristol stool chart:
Separate hard lumps, like
nuts (hard to pass)

A

Type 1

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49
Q

What type of bristol stool chart:
Sausage-shaped but lumpy

A

Type 2

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50
Q

What type of bristol stool chart:
Like a sausage but with
cracks on its surface

A

Type 3

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51
Q

What type of bristol stool chart:
Like sausage or snake,
smooth and soft

A

Type 4

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52
Q

What type of bristol stool chart:
Soft blobs with clear-cut
edges (passed easily)

A

Type 5

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53
Q

What type of bristol stool chart:
Fluffy pieces with ragged
edges, a mushy stool

A

Type 6

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54
Q

What type of bristol stool chart:
Watery, no solid pieces.
ENTIRELY LIQUID

A

Type 7

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55
Q

Color of Stool:
Light brown to dark brown due to stercobilin

A

Normal

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56
Q

Normal color of stool is due to

A

Stercobilin

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57
Q

Color of Stool:
Yellow is due to administration of _______ and ______ seen in antibiotic therapy

A

Santonin and Senna

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58
Q

Color of Stool:
What color is increased milk diet in infants?

A

Yellow

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59
Q

Color of Stool:
What color is presence of unchanged bilirubin?

A

Yellow

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60
Q

Color of Stool:
What color is the obstruction to bile flow?

A

Yellow

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61
Q

Color of Stool:
What color is ingestion of the large amounts of cornmeal?

A

Yellow

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62
Q

Color of Stool:
What color of the stool after ingestion of Barium meals?

A

Light Clay or putty color

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63
Q

Color of Stool:
What color of the stool that is due to the absence of bile pigments?

A

Light Clay or putty color

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63
Q

Color of Stool:
What color is the bleeding in the lower GIT (fresh blood)?

A

Reddish or Bloody

64
Q

Color of Stool:
What color is the undigested beets and tomatoes?

A

Reddish or Bloody

65
Q

Color of Stool:
What color is the bleeding in the upper GIT?

A

Dark red/ chocolate brown

66
Q

Color of Stool:
What color is the increased intake of coffee, chocolate
and cherries, black berries

A

Dark Red / Chocolate brown

67
Q

Color of Stool:
If the color of dark red stool when a person has a dengue, it is advised
not to eat ______ like chocolate
because this can cause a false _____ result because of the stool color.

A

dark foods
False positive

68
Q

Color of Stool:
What is the color of the stool if it is associated with digestion of blood due to bleeding in the upper GIT?

A

Black/tarry

69
Q

Color of Stool:
What is the color of the stool if it is increase intake of iron, Bismuth and charcoal

A

Black/Tarry

70
Q

Color of Stool:
The color of the stool if black/ tarry, if you regularly take in medication like
_________, there is a tendency that
stool color

A

ferrous sulfate

71
Q

Color of Stool:
The color of the stool Greenish may be due to what?

A
  1. Amoebiasis
  2. ingestion of vegetables like spinach
  3. presence of unchanged biliverdin
72
Q

Color of Stool:
Due to cocoa and chocolate produce dark gray
stools

73
Q

Color of Stool:
Gray color stool that is due to blueberry juices, carbon, iron and
bismuth that causes the color of ________ to _____ feces

A

gray to pitch black feces

74
Q

Color of Stool:
Gray color stool with the presence of undigested fats, following
inadequate bile secretion

A

Light Gray

75
Q

Color of Stool:
Due to Malabsorption syndrome

76
Q

Color of Stool: Miscellaneous
1. Presence of drugs
2. Whitish discoloration or _____
3. Aluminum hydroxide prep`n and _______
4. Blue - _____ and ____
5. Orange-red- ______

A
  1. Bizarre colors
  2. speckling
  3. barium
  4. Methylene blue and dithiazanine
  5. Pyridium
77
Q

Odor of Stool:
Tryptophan is due to ____ and ____

A

Indole and Skatole

78
Q

Odor of Stool is dependent on

A

Amount of meat in the diet Putrefactive bacteria

79
Q

Odor of Stool:
foul to offensive due to indole, skatole and butyric
acid

80
Q

Odor of Stool:
Sour Odor
1. Normal for infants: ________ in
ingested milk
2. Adults - ______

A
  1. Fatty Acids
  2. Steatorrhea
81
Q

Odor of Stool: severe diarrhea in
children

A

Sour odor to a putrid odor

82
Q

Abnormal odor found in ulcerative and malignant
tumor of the lower bowel

A

Putrid Odor

83
Q

Abnormal odor that indicates gas formation, fermentation of carbohydrate, unabsorbed fatty
acids

A

Sour/rancid odor

84
Q

Abnormal odor that is usually in seen in alkaline stools,
putrefaction of undigested protein.

A

Extremely foul odor

85
Q

Abnormal odor seen in the ulcerations of
intestines and rectum, malignancy, syphilis,
dysentery and necrotic lesions of the intestines

A

Extremely foul odor

86
Q

blood which is not visible to the naked eye and can only be
detected by chemical means only

A

Occult blood

87
Q

Occult blood may be seen in

A
  1. Benign peptic ulcer
  2. Esophageal, stomach, duodenal bleeding
  3. Hemorrhoids
  4. Liver cirrhosis
  5. GIT carcinoma/ Rectal carcinoma
88
Q

Enumerate the laboratory examination for occult blood test

A
  1. Benzidine test
  2. Guaiac’s test
  3. Hematest
89
Q

A kit that we used in the blood

90
Q

Identify if False + or False -:
Peroxidase activity of substance or fecal material
o Bacteria
o Fresh fruits
o Vegetables
o Cauliflowers
o Chlorophyll of plants

91
Q

Identify if False + or False -:
Iron in the diet

92
Q

Identify if False + or False -:
Myoglobin in ingested meat

93
Q

Enumerate the Peroxidase activity of substance or fecal material seen in false + result in occult blood test

A

o Bacteria
o Fresh fruits
o Vegetables
o Cauliflowers
o Chlorophyll of plants

94
Q

Identify if False + or False -:
Large amount of vitamin C. Interferes in the oxidation of _____

A

False -
Chromogen

95
Q

Identify if False + or False -:
Breakdown of blood and its constituents

96
Q

Identify if False + or False -:
Hemorrhage in the upper GIT

97
Q

Identify if False + or False -:
Technical errors

98
Q

PATIENT PREPARATION PRIOR TO OCCULT BLOOD TEST: Meat free diet for _______ prior to the test

99
Q

Microscopic Examination:
due to hemorrhagic disorder, ulcers and contamination

100
Q

Microscopic Examination:
indicative of inflammation

101
Q

Simplest and most frequently used

A

Direct Fecal Smear

102
Q

DFS uses ______ and ______

A

0.85% sodium chloride/NSS and D’antonis solution/Lugol’s Iodine

103
Q

Composition of DFS that is for the observation of the motility of trophozoites

A

0.85% sodium chloride/NSS

104
Q

Composition of DFS that doesn’t demonstrate glycogen vacuole and nuclei

A

0.85% NaCl or NSS

105
Q

Composition of DFS where cysts appear glistening and refractile

A

0.85% NaCl or NSS

106
Q

Composition of DFS for protozoan cysts and helminth ova

A

D’antonis solution/Lugol’s Iodine

107
Q

Composition of DFS that kills the trophozoites and helminth larva

A

D’antonis solution

108
Q

Composition of DFS where chromatodail bars are fully seen
and for glycogen vacuole

A

D’antonis solution

109
Q

USES OF COVERSLIP:
1. to avoid ______ of the preparation
2. to avoid _______ and contamination of objectives
3. to avoid ______ of the stain

A
  1. drying
  2. fogging
  3. rapid loss
110
Q

Reagents used for Kato Thick Smear :)

A

o Distilled water 100 ml
o Glycerin 100 ml
o 3% malachite green 1 ml
o Use cellophane as cover slip

111
Q

Coverslip used in KTS

A

Cellophane

112
Q

Clearing time when using KTS
1. ______ at room temperature
2. ___________ in a dry incubation.

A
  1. 1 HOUR
  2. 20-30 minutes
113
Q

ADVANTAGES OVER NSS AND D` ANTONIS
1. For _______ examination
2. Satisfactory for all kinds of ______________

A
  1. large scale
  2. helminth eggs
114
Q

DISADVANTAGES OVER NSS AND D’ANTONIS
1. Unsuitable for ____________ stools
2. Unsuitable for _______________ and _____________

A
  1. diarrheic stools
  2. protozoan cysts and trophozoites
115
Q

Detection of small number of parasites not detected using
DFS

A

Concentration techniques

116
Q

A method used for Protozoan cysts, helminth eggs and larvae

A

Sedimentation Method

117
Q

It is less efficient than flotation because protozoan cysts and
many eggs may not be seek

A

Sedimentation Method

118
Q

Concentrate eggs, larvae and cysts of parasites, operculated
and schistosomal eggs

A

FORMALIN-ETHER TECHNIQUE

119
Q

FECT uses _________

A

Ether (ethyl acetate)

120
Q

Material can be examined hours or even days
after preparation

121
Q

Not applicable for protozoan cysts

A

ACID-ETHER SEDIMENTATION

122
Q

we may observe helminth eggs and larvae

A

acid-ether

123
Q

Not recommended because it is time consuming

A

SIMPLE SEDIMENTATION

124
Q

For Microfilariae

A

KNOTT CONCENTRATION TECHNIQUE

125
Q

What specimen is used for Knott Concentration technique

126
Q

Helminths eggs and protozoan cysts may either float or sink
depending on their specific gravity

A

Flotation Method

127
Q

Flotation Method:
1. Helminth eggs, protozoan cysts and larvae - _________
2. Chemical solutions: (________) specific gravity that we
use
3. Eggs and cysts: ________
4. Fecal materials: __________
5. Optimal time for examination: ________

A
  1. (1.05 to 1.15)
  2. 1.12 to 1.23
  3. Float
  4. Sinks
  5. 5-20 minutes
128
Q

ZINC SULFATE CENTRIFUGAL FLOTATION TECHNIQUE
1. Specific gravity: ______
2. 80% effective in detecting eggs and cysts in ________
3. Hookworm: __________
4. Ascaris (fertile): ________
5. Trichuris: ________
6. Giardia: ________
7. E. histolytica: ________

A
  1. 1.18
  2. light infections
  3. 1.005 does it floats
  4. 1.110 it floats
  5. 1.150 it floats
  6. 1.060 it floats
  7. 1.070
129
Q

ZINC SULFATE CENTRIFUGAL FLOTATION TECHNIQUE:
________ ova don’t float because it cannot be detected, diagnostic stage may still be
viable but it destroys trophozoite

A

Operculated ova

130
Q

Technique used for Cryptosporidium

A

SUGAR FLOTATION TECHNIQUE/SHEATHER’S SUGAR
FLOTATION

131
Q

We can isolate here the rounded oocysts and crescent
sporozoites

A

SUGAR FLOTATION TECHNIQUE/SHEATHER’S SUGAR
FLOTATION

132
Q

SUGAR FLOTATION TECHNIQUE/SHEATHER’S SUGAR
FLOTATION COMPOSITION:
o Sucrose - ______ g
o Tap water - ____ mL
o Phenol - _____ g

A

Sucrose: 500 g
Tap water: 320 mL
Phenol: 6.5g

133
Q

uses sat. NaCl solution- 40g NaCl + 100 mL dist. H2O

A

WILLIE’S BRINE

134
Q

Method used for the detection of Enterobius vermicularis and Taenia

A

CELLULOSE TAPE PREPARATION/GRAHAM SCOTCH TAPE METHOD

135
Q

CELLULOSE TAPE PREPARATION/ GRAHAM SCOTCH TAPE METHOD :
 ________ negative results
 Collection: _______ before the patient washes or defecates
 _________________ are available

A

4 consecutive
Collection: morning
Commercial collection kits

136
Q

getting a sample directly into the rectum, it is called as the
________ because the sticky part of the scotch tape
will be attached to the rectum and will serve as the coverslip

A

Graham Scotch Method

137
Q

A technique that estimates worm burden
 Degree of infection
 Hookworms, Ascaris, Trichuris

A

EGG COUNT TECHNIQUE

138
Q

A technique for the degree of infection

A

Egg count technique

139
Q

Enumerate the parasites that can be seen when using the egg count technique

A

Hookworms, Ascaris, Trichuris

140
Q

DIRECT SMEAR EGG COUNT/ BEAVER DIRECT SMEAR
METHOD:
1. 1.5 mg feces (______) = epg
2. 2 mg feces (______) = epg

141
Q

STOLL’S EGG COUNTING TECHNIQUE DILUTION EGG
COUNT- _______ NaOH

142
Q

THICK SMEAR EGG COUNT- KTS for ________

A

SCHISTOSOMES

143
Q

DILUTION-FILTRATION EGG COUNT- for _______

A

SCHISTOSOMES

144
Q

EGG HATCHING:
The counts can be reported as eggs per direct smear

A

DIRECT SMEAR EGG COUNT

145
Q

EGG HATCHING:
It uses the dilution egg count

A

DIRECT SMEAR EGG COUNT

146
Q

EGG HATCHING:
Direct Smear egg count was proposed by ______ and ________

A

Stoll and Hausheer

147
Q

THICK SMEAR EGG COUNT:
The Kato cellophane covered thick smear as modified by
______ and _______

A

Martin and Beaver

148
Q

THICK SMEAR EGG COUNT:
For simultaneous qualitative and quantitative diagnosis of the
common intestinal nematode infections and routine
quantitative diagnosis of __________________ and
____________ infections

A

Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japanicum infections

149
Q

EGG HATCHING:
For simultaneous qualitative and quantitative diagnosis of the
common intestinal nematode infections

A

THICK SMEAR EGG COUNT

150
Q

EGG HATCHING:
Dilution-Filtration Egg count was proposed by _______

151
Q

EGG HATCHING:
Schistosome eggs can be concentrated filtering a suspension of feces through filter paper on which the eggs are stained and counted

A

Dilution-Filtration Egg count

152
Q

EGG HATCHING:
The procedures are complicated and time
consuming and special equipment is required.

A

Dilution-Filtration Egg count

153
Q

EGG HATCHING:
the tool being used is like the Neubauer counting chamber

A

Dilution-Filtration Egg count

154
Q

__________ is a laboratory tool used to determine
a given parasite’s resistance to extant drug therapy.

A

Egg hatch assay (EHA)

155
Q

Fresh eggs are incubated from the parasite of interest and
serial dilutions of the drug of interest are applied. The
percentage of eggs that hatch or die is determined at each
concentration and a drug response curve may be plotted.

A

EGG HATCHING TECHNIQUE/ASSAY

156
Q

EGG HATCHING TECHNIQUE/ASSAY:
The data can then be transformed and analyzed to give further statistics such as an _______

157
Q

The technique is labor intensive, expensive and can take
some tine however an egg hatch assay will give and accurate
and reliable result

A

EGG HATCHING TECHNIQUE/ASSAY

PARASITOLOGY (5 decks)

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