Lesson 2: Alkanes Flashcards
Is a saturated hydrocarbon whose atoms are arranged in an open chain.
Alkanes
Alkanes are commonly referred to as_________.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Alkanes have the simplest and least _____________.
Reactive hydrocarbon
Alkanes are classified into ________ and __________.
Acyclic and cycloalkanes
The classification of Alkanes depends in the ____________.
Arrangement of carbon atom molecules
General formula of alkanes
CsubnHsub2n+2
First two members of the alkanes family
Methane and ethane
The structure of Alkanes is arranged in a ___________ with _______ angles between them.
Tetrahedral manner
109.5°
Ways in showing the structural formula of alkanes
Molecular formula
Complete structural formula
Condensed structural formula
Line-angle formula
A formula that felines the number of atoms of each element in one molecule of a compound.
Molecular formula
A formula where the symbols of atoms are listed in order as they appear in the molecule’s structure with bond dashes omitted or limited.
Condensed structural formula
A formula in which illustrates every single bond formed between every atom in the compound.
Complete structural formula
Also called a skeletal structure, in which carbon atoms are implied at the corners and ends of lines, and each carbon atom is understood to be attached to enough hydrogen atoms to give each carbon atom four bonds.
Line-angle formula
It is an alkane with one or more Alkyl groups
Branched-chain alkanes
General formula of the Alkyl group
CsubnHsub2n+1
An atom or group of atoms that took the place of a hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule.
Substituent
Longest continuous chain of branched-chain hydrocarbons.
Parent alkane
Hydrocarbons whose atoms joined together to form a saturated ring.
Cyclic structure
Cycloalkanes
Most abundant cycloalkanes
Cyclopentane and cyclohexane
General formula for cycloalkanes
CsubnHsub2n
IUPAC stands for
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
A system on which most organic chemist’s have agreed to provide guidelines to allow them to learn from each others’ works.
Nomenclature
In other words, it provides a foundation of language for organic chemistry.
Nomenclature
In IUPAC names of Alkanes with an unbranchef chain of carbon atoms: it indicates the number of carbon atoms in the chain.
Prefix
In IUPAC names of Alkanes with an unbranchef chain of carbon atoms: it shows that the compound is a saturated hydrocarbon.
Suffix
-A group derived by removing a hydrogen from an alkane.
-named by dropping the - ane from the name of the parent alkane and adding the suffix - yl.
Alkyl group
A symbol used to represent an Alkyl group.
R—
Physical properties of Alkanes and cycloalkanes
Melting point
Boiling point
Solubility
Density
The temperature at which a given solid will melt and a liquid boils and turns to vapor.
Melting and boiling point
The ability to be dissolved, especially in water.
Solubility
The degree of compactness of a substance
Density
5 factors to identify the boiling of a straight chain alkanes
- Greater number of carbon, larger the molecule.
- Bigger surface area in contact.
- Stronger Van Der Waals force of attraction.
- More energy required to separate molecules from one another resulting in a higher boiling point.
- Longer straight-chained alkanes have higher boiling and melting point than shorter straight chained alkanes.
Boiling point of a branched-chain alkanes
- More branches, molecule becomes more compact.
- Surface area in contact are reduced.
- Branched alkanes have weaker Van Der Waals force of attraction.
- Less energy is required to separate molecules from one another resulting in a lower boiling point.
Follows the rule “like dissolves like”
Solubility
Types of combustion of alkanes
Complete combustion
Incomplete combustion
-Happens when oxygen has a plentiful supply.
-carbon and hydrogen atoms react with oxygen in an exothermic reaction.
-carbon dioxide and water are produced.
-maximum energy is given out.
Complete combustion
General formula of complete combustion
Hydrocarbon+oxygen—>carbon dioxide+water
-Happens when oxygen only has a limited supply.
-impure carbon particles(soot), carbon monoxide, and water are produced.
-less energy is released.
Incomplete combustion
-procures a hydrocarbon derivative where one or more halogen atoms are substituted with hydrogen atoms.
Halogenation of Alkanes
3 phase radical substitution reaction:
- Initiation-non radical—> radical
- Propagation-radical—> radical
- Termination-radical—>non radical
Reactions of cycloalkanes
Halogenation
Hydrogenation
Applications of Alkanes and cycloalkanes
-For transportation fuel such as;
Gasoline, motor gas, diesel, etc.
-cyclohexyne is used in consumer products such as;paint and varnish remover.
-methane, Ethane, propane, and butane are used in heat generating products.
Substitution of hydrogen and halogen compounds
Halogenation
A chemical reaction to saturated compounds
Hudrogenation
