Lesson 1: The Nature And Structure Of Organic Molecules Flashcards
Two most important persons to recognize that carbon (C) is tetravalent.
German chemist Kekule and Scottish chemist Couper
This means that carbon can formm four covalent bonds with other atoms such as hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N).
Tetravalent
________ having four valence electrons cannot bond easily with other atoms like that of carbon.
Silicon
In the nature of carbon, it can form a ______, _______ and _________ with a wide array of organic substances.
Linear, branched and cyclic bonds
Carbon can form a more _______________ if the carbon atom will have single, double and triple bonds.
Diverse molecular structure
Who notion about the chemical inertness of the noble gases indicated a high degree of stability of the electron configuration of these elements.
Gilbert N. Lewis
It is a very simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a molecule.
Lewis structure
_____________ of a molecule happens when it acquire the complete (octet) eight electrons in the outer most shell of an atom.
Chemical bonding
An atom becomes _____________ when it loses an electron.
Negatively charged (–)
An atom becomes ______________ when it gains an electron.
Positively charged (+)
Bond formed between atoms
Ionic bond
When the two atoms shared their electrons it forms ___________.
Covalent bond
The covalent bond can be polar if the electrons shared are ___________.
Not equal
The covalent bond can be non polar if the electrons shared are __________.
Equal
Classification of organic compounds
Hydrocarbons
Heterocatoms
Organic compounds containing hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are also classified into two, these are___________ and _________ composed of double or triple bonds.
Saturated and unsaturated
Elements aside from carbon and hydrogen which is incorporated in organic compounds are called…..
Heteroatoms
Most common heteroatoms
Oxygen, nitrogen and the halogens.
Hydrocarbons, which contain only carbon and hydrogen are two types-the _______ and the _________.
Aliphatics and aromatics
Belongs to the aliphatics are
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes; and
Their cyclic analogs
Heteroatoms with halogens are
Organic halides
Alkyl and aryl halides
Heteroatoms with oxygen
Alcohols
Phenols
Ethers
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic acids
Anhydrides
Esters
Heteroatoms with nitrogen are
Amines
Amides
Amino acids
Heteroatoms with sulfur are
Thiols
Sulfides
Greenhouse gas _________ is made up of hydrocarbons.
Methane
Some applications of organic compounds that we encounter everyday.
Methane
Fuel
Vinegar
Wine
Types of organic molecules’ reactions
Addition reaction
Substitution reaction
Elimination reaction
Rearrangement reaction
Another category, ________ and _________ may fall naturally into one of the four types of organic reactions.
Oxidation and reduction reaction
Used in chemical reaction consists of a substrate and reagent.
Reactants
Reactants are transformed into ________ under the proper reaction conditions.
Products
It is the reactant that is acted upon or attacked by the reagent; it is the molecule which contains the carbon atoms to which bonds are broken and made.
Substrate
The organic reactions such addition, elimination, substitution and rearrangement is based on the……..
Changes that occur in bonding to carbon atoms in the substrate
It is a reaction that can be identified if there is an increase in the number of atoms or groups attached to a carbon(s) in the substrate.
Addition reaction
In the addition reaction, each carbon atom in the unsaturated (double bond) substrate gets more atom resulting in a ____________.
Saturated product
In ______________, an atom or a group of atoms is removed from the substrate, thus there’s is a decrease in the number of atoms or groups attached to carbon.
Elimination reaction
In elimination reaction, the substrate is transformed to a more _____________.
Unsaturated (single bond) product
It is a reaction that characterized by the replacement of a functional group in a molecule or ion by another functional groups.
Substitution reaction
A ________________ is a broad class of organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to hive a structural isomers of the original molecule.
Rearrangement reaction
The most common type of reaction which is also found in the organic reactions are the __________ and __________.
Oxidation
Reduction reaction
Oxidation and reduction reaction are defined according to the increase or decrease in ________ or ________ content.
Oxygen
Hydrogen
A reaction that occurs when there is an increase in the oxygen content and/or a decrease in the hydrogen content of the substrate.
Oxidation reaction
It is a reaction where there is an increase hydrogen content and/or a decrease in the oxygen content of the substrate.
Reduction reaction
The _____________ is the step by step events by which a substrate is converted to products at a given set of conditions.
Reaction mechanism
The order and breaking of bond are described including the bonds that is formed its relative rate by the action of the ___________.
Catalyst
Formed in one step and then consumed in a later step of the reaction mechanism.
Reaction intermediates
The slowest step in the mechanism is called the ___________ or __________.
Rate determining
Rate-limiting step
_________ are formed from the transformation of reactants and reagents.
Products
When the covalent bond breaks, it can form either ________ or ________ cleavage when bond to carbon atom.
Homolytic
Heterolytic
For a __________ to carbon it can form carbon radical.
Homolytic bond
It can be trivalent carbon anion, or carbanions or can be carbon cation or carbocations.
Heterolytic bond
Reactants are classified into two, the substrate and reagents. The reagents have three types, what are these?
Nucleophilic
Electrophilic
Radical-like
You should know the three types of reagents so that you will be able to identify type of __________ that will occur in a reaction.
Bond cleavage
A reagent who loves electrons, they are consist of pairs of electrons that can be used for bond formation.
They attack positively charged atoms or low electron density.
Nucleophilic reagents (nucleus loving) or nucleophiles
It is a type of reagent that are electron deficient, capable of forming new bonds by accepting a pair of electrons, they attack negatively charged electrons or high electron density.
Electrophilic reagents (electron loving) or electrophiles
This reagent have odd number of electrons which react easily and attack high electron density atoms.
Radical-like reagent
