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Organic Chemistry > Lesson 1: The Nature And Structure Of Organic Molecules > Flashcards

Lesson 1: The Nature And Structure Of Organic Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Two most important persons to recognize that carbon (C) is tetravalent.

A

German chemist Kekule and Scottish chemist Couper

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2
Q

This means that carbon can formm four covalent bonds with other atoms such as hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N).

A

Tetravalent

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3
Q

________ having four valence electrons cannot bond easily with other atoms like that of carbon.

A

Silicon

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4
Q

In the nature of carbon, it can form a ______, _______ and _________ with a wide array of organic substances.

A

Linear, branched and cyclic bonds

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5
Q

Carbon can form a more _______________ if the carbon atom will have single, double and triple bonds.

A

Diverse molecular structure

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6
Q

Who notion about the chemical inertness of the noble gases indicated a high degree of stability of the electron configuration of these elements.

A

Gilbert N. Lewis

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7
Q

It is a very simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a molecule.

A

Lewis structure

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8
Q

_____________ of a molecule happens when it acquire the complete (octet) eight electrons in the outer most shell of an atom.

A

Chemical bonding

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9
Q

An atom becomes _____________ when it loses an electron.

A

Negatively charged (–)

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10
Q

An atom becomes ______________ when it gains an electron.

A

Positively charged (+)

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11
Q

Bond formed between atoms

A

Ionic bond

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12
Q

When the two atoms shared their electrons it forms ___________.

A

Covalent bond

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13
Q

The covalent bond can be polar if the electrons shared are ___________.

A

Not equal

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14
Q

The covalent bond can be non polar if the electrons shared are __________.

A

Equal

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15
Q

Classification of organic compounds

A

Hydrocarbons
Heterocatoms

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16
Q

Organic compounds containing hydrogen and carbon.

A

Hydrocarbons

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17
Q

Hydrocarbons are also classified into two, these are___________ and _________ composed of double or triple bonds.

A

Saturated and unsaturated

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18
Q

Elements aside from carbon and hydrogen which is incorporated in organic compounds are called…..

A

Heteroatoms

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19
Q

Most common heteroatoms

A

Oxygen, nitrogen and the halogens.

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20
Q

Hydrocarbons, which contain only carbon and hydrogen are two types-the _______ and the _________.

A

Aliphatics and aromatics

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21
Q

Belongs to the aliphatics are

A

Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes; and
Their cyclic analogs

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22
Q

Heteroatoms with halogens are

A

Organic halides
Alkyl and aryl halides

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23
Q

Heteroatoms with oxygen

A

Alcohols
Phenols
Ethers
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic acids
Anhydrides
Esters

24
Q

Heteroatoms with nitrogen are

A

Amines
Amides
Amino acids

25
Q

Heteroatoms with sulfur are

A

Thiols
Sulfides

26
Q

Greenhouse gas _________ is made up of hydrocarbons.

A

Methane

27
Q

Some applications of organic compounds that we encounter everyday.

A

Methane
Fuel
Vinegar
Wine

28
Q

Types of organic molecules’ reactions

A

Addition reaction
Substitution reaction
Elimination reaction
Rearrangement reaction

29
Q

Another category, ________ and _________ may fall naturally into one of the four types of organic reactions.

A

Oxidation and reduction reaction

30
Q

Used in chemical reaction consists of a substrate and reagent.

A

Reactants

31
Q

Reactants are transformed into ________ under the proper reaction conditions.

A

Products

32
Q

It is the reactant that is acted upon or attacked by the reagent; it is the molecule which contains the carbon atoms to which bonds are broken and made.

A

Substrate

33
Q

The organic reactions such addition, elimination, substitution and rearrangement is based on the……..

A

Changes that occur in bonding to carbon atoms in the substrate

34
Q

It is a reaction that can be identified if there is an increase in the number of atoms or groups attached to a carbon(s) in the substrate.

A

Addition reaction

35
Q

In the addition reaction, each carbon atom in the unsaturated (double bond) substrate gets more atom resulting in a ____________.

A

Saturated product

36
Q

In ______________, an atom or a group of atoms is removed from the substrate, thus there’s is a decrease in the number of atoms or groups attached to carbon.

A

Elimination reaction

37
Q

In elimination reaction, the substrate is transformed to a more _____________.

A

Unsaturated (single bond) product

38
Q

It is a reaction that characterized by the replacement of a functional group in a molecule or ion by another functional groups.

A

Substitution reaction

39
Q

A ________________ is a broad class of organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to hive a structural isomers of the original molecule.

A

Rearrangement reaction

40
Q

The most common type of reaction which is also found in the organic reactions are the __________ and __________.

A

Oxidation
Reduction reaction

41
Q

Oxidation and reduction reaction are defined according to the increase or decrease in ________ or ________ content.

A

Oxygen
Hydrogen

42
Q

A reaction that occurs when there is an increase in the oxygen content and/or a decrease in the hydrogen content of the substrate.

A

Oxidation reaction

43
Q

It is a reaction where there is an increase hydrogen content and/or a decrease in the oxygen content of the substrate.

A

Reduction reaction

44
Q

The _____________ is the step by step events by which a substrate is converted to products at a given set of conditions.

A

Reaction mechanism

45
Q

The order and breaking of bond are described including the bonds that is formed its relative rate by the action of the ___________.

A

Catalyst

46
Q

Formed in one step and then consumed in a later step of the reaction mechanism.

A

Reaction intermediates

47
Q

The slowest step in the mechanism is called the ___________ or __________.

A

Rate determining
Rate-limiting step

48
Q

_________ are formed from the transformation of reactants and reagents.

A

Products

49
Q

When the covalent bond breaks, it can form either ________ or ________ cleavage when bond to carbon atom.

A

Homolytic
Heterolytic

50
Q

For a __________ to carbon it can form carbon radical.

A

Homolytic bond

51
Q

It can be trivalent carbon anion, or carbanions or can be carbon cation or carbocations.

A

Heterolytic bond

52
Q

Reactants are classified into two, the substrate and reagents. The reagents have three types, what are these?

A

Nucleophilic
Electrophilic
Radical-like

53
Q

You should know the three types of reagents so that you will be able to identify type of __________ that will occur in a reaction.

A

Bond cleavage

54
Q

A reagent who loves electrons, they are consist of pairs of electrons that can be used for bond formation.
They attack positively charged atoms or low electron density.

A

Nucleophilic reagents (nucleus loving) or nucleophiles

55
Q

It is a type of reagent that are electron deficient, capable of forming new bonds by accepting a pair of electrons, they attack negatively charged electrons or high electron density.

A

Electrophilic reagents (electron loving) or electrophiles

56
Q

This reagent have odd number of electrons which react easily and attack high electron density atoms.

A

Radical-like reagent

Organic Chemistry (4 decks)

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