Lesson 2 Flashcards
Motor learning
the study of acquisition and modification (or reacquisition) of movement
What is conventional learning?
Learn new skills in healthy persons (e.g., learn to ride a bike)
What is recovery of function?
Reacquire skills lost due to injury or disease (e.g., relearn how to climb stairs after a bone injury)
Performance:
is about temporary changes in motor behavior
What are the two forms of long term memory?
explicit (declarative)
implicit (nondeclarative)
What are the types of nondeclarative learning?
Nonassociative learning
Associative learning
Procedural learning
Explicit memory:
facts, event
Where does explicit memory take place?
medial temporal lobe areas
sensory association cortex
hippocampus
Nonassociative Learning:
The nervous system learns about a stimulus after repeated exposure to the stimulus
Habituation:
decrease in responsiveness after repeated exposure to non-painful stimuli
Sensitization
increased responsiveness following a threatening stimulus
Associative Learning:
About learning how to predict relationships
Classical conditioning:
learning to pair two stimuli
from “verbal cue + assistance” to later “cue” only therapy
Procedural Leaning:
Refers to learning tasks that can be performed unconsciously or automatically without attention
Operant conditioning:
learning to associate a response with a consequence
Closed loop theory:
sensory feedback from the ongoing movement is used for the guidance of skilled movement
What does Schema Theory emphasize?
open loop control processes
What does short term memory store?
Initial movement conditions (position, mass)
Parameters of motor program (force, direction)
Outcomes of the movement
Motor program for Schema theory?
contain rules for creating the spatial and temporal patterns of muscle activity needed to carry out a given task under a variety of contexts
What is the motor program for the ecological theory?
Search for optimal strategies (both action and perception) to solve task and environmental constraints
stresses that ML is a process that enhances coordination between the two (motor and perception) in a way consistent with the task and environmental constraints
What two theories does the ecological theory emerge from?
systems theory
ecological motor theory
What are the forms of feedback in the ecological theory?
knowledge of performance
knowledge of results
Knowledge of performance
feedback on the movement pattern during movement
Knowledge of results
feedback related to outcome given at the end of movement
Stage I closed skills:
understand the nature, goal of the task, requirement, and environmental feature, and developing movement strategies
Stage II closed skills:
refine movement Consistency is the objective of the learner
Stage I open skills:
Performer must adapt performance to the ever changing environment
Stage II open skills:
Practice should emphasize responding to the changing demands
Blocked practice:
doing the same task several repetitions before starting the next
10 times of “sitting to stand,
Random practice:
practicing various tasks in a random order
Massed practice:
more time on practicing than on rest in a trial
Distributed practice:
amount of time on practicing between trials is equal to or less than on the rest
Task analysis:
break whole task down into individual steps
Guidance learning
physically guided throughout the task to be learned
Discovery learning
through trial-and-error approach; achievable problem-solving skills
Constant practice
repeating the same task multiple times
Variable practice
focusing on variations of the task (e.g., under multiple speeds
