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Motor Control > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the requirements for mobility?

A

progression
postural control
adaptability

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2
Q

Progression:

A

the ability to generate a rhythmic stepping pattern to move the body forward
initiate and terminate movement

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3
Q

Postural Control:

A

the ability to ensure both orientation and stability

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4
Q

Adaptability:

A

the ability to adapt gait to changing tasks and environmental requirements

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5
Q

Progression for stance:

A

stabilizing limb for weight bearing and generating forces to move the body for continued motion

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6
Q

Progression for swing phase:

A

advancement of the swing leg to reposition the limb (in preparation for weight acceptance), and make sure toes clear the ground

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7
Q

Postural Control stance phase:

A

vertical forces support the body mass against gravity

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8
Q

Postural Control swing phase:

A

repositioning of the limb in preparation for weight acceptance

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9
Q

Adaptability stance phase:

A

changes in speed and direction or alterations (e.g., uneven terrain) in the support surface

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10
Q

Adaptability swing phase:

A

avoidance of obstacles by swing foot

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11
Q

Temporal parameters

A 
Stance/swing time
Single-limb support time
Double-limb support time
Stride time
Step time
Cadence
Speed/Velocity
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12
Q

Spatial parameters

A

Stride length
Step length
Step width
Toe-out angle

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13
Q

Stance/swing time

A

time in stance/swing on a given limb

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14
Q

Single-support time

A

time elapsed in which the body is supported by a single limb

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15
Q

Double-support time

A

time elapsed in which both feet are in contact with the ground

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16
Q

Stride duration

A

time required to complete one stride

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17
Q

Step duration

A

time required to complete one step

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18
Q

Velocity

A

rate of linear movement (meter/second in research vs. 40 feet or for 6 minutes in clinic)

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19
Q

Cadence

A

(a frequency unit): the number of steps within a unit time, often denoted as steps/minute (e.g., 80 steps/min)

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20
Q

Step length

A

distance between the contralateral foot strikes

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21
Q

Stride length

A

distance from one foot strike to the next for the same (or ipsilateral) foot (~ twice the step length in normal gait).

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22
Q

Step Width

A

linear distance between midpoint of the heel of ipsilateral and contralateral feet

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23
Q

Degree of Toe-Out (DTO)

A

Angle of foot formed by each foot’s line of progression

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24
Q

Components of stance:

A 
initial contact
loading response
mid stance
terminal stance
preswing
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25
Q

Components of swing:

A

initial swing
mid swing
terminal swing

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26
Q

Functional tasks of gait:

A

weight acceptance
single limb support
swing limb advance

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27
Q

Initial contact

A

0-2%

moment when leading limb touches floor

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28
Q

Objectives of initial contact

A

Start stance with heel rocker

Impact deceleration

29
Q

Loading response

A

2-12%
first period of double stance
body weight to leading leg
trailing leg in preswing

30
Q

Objectives of loading response:

A

shock attenuation,
weight-bearing,
forward progression

31
Q

Mid Stance

A

12-31%

first half of single limb stance

32
Q

When does mid stance begin?

A

toe off of trailing limb

33
Q

When does mid stance end?

A

Weight aligned over the leading/supporting limb

34
Q

Objectives of mid stance?

A

1) forward progression over the stationary foot;

2) weight bearing (limb and trunk Stability)

35
Q

Terminal stance?

A

31-50%

36
Q

When does terminal stance begin?

A

Heel rise initiates second half of single-limb support

37
Q

When does terminal stance end?

A

Non-support limb (blue) strikes the ground

38
Q

Objectives of terminal stance?

A

(1) Progression of body beyond support limb (red);

2) weight bearing (limb and trunk Stability

39
Q

Pre-swing:

A

50-62%
A rapid unloading of the limb occurs as weight is transferred to the contralateral (lead) limb.
Unweighting allows limb to prepare for swing

40
Q

When does pre-swing being?

A

Initial contact of contralateral (swing) limb

41
Q

When does pre-swing end?

A

Ipsilateral limb (support) toe off

42
Q

Objectives for pre-swing?

A

(1) Position the limb for swing phase,

(2) accelerate progression (propulsion)

43
Q

Initial swing:

A

62-75%
Contralateral limb is in mid-stance
Foot lifts from ground during first third of swing
Advances to opposite stance foot.

44
Q

When does initial swing begin?

A

ipsilateral limb (red) leaves floor

45
Q

When does initial swing end?

A

ipsilateral is opposite stance foot

46
Q

Objectives of initial swing?

A

(1) Foot clearance of the floor, (2) advancement of the limb from its trailing position

47
Q

When is foot drop most evident?

A

initial swing

48
Q

Mid swing

A

75-87%
Contralateral limb is in late mid-stance
Limb advances during the middle third of the swing until tibia achieves vertical (i.e., hip and knee flexion postures are equal).

49
Q

When does mid swing begin?

A

end of initial swing

50
Q

When does mid swing end?

A

ipsilateral limb advances anterior of the body

51
Q

What are the objectives of mid swing?

A

(1) limb advancement,

(2) Foot clearance of the floor,

52
Q

Terminal swing

A

87-100%
Tibia advances during final third of swing, and limb advancement is completed as the leg (shank) moves ahead of the thigh

53
Q

When does terminal swing begin?

A

end of mid-swing

54
Q

When does terminal swing end?

A

ipsilateral limb initial contact

55
Q

What are the goals of terminal swing?

A

(1) Complete limb advancement;

(2) Prepare for stance phase

56
Q

Ground force reaction:

A

Force applied back on the individual (Newton’s 3rd law)

57
Q

Goals of stance limb:

A

to support the body (postural control) and propel the body forward;

58
Q

Goals of swing limb:

A

foot clearance and limb advancement

59
Q

Muscle activation for loading response

A

hip: extensors
knee: GFR posterior to knee; knee extensors contract
ankle: GFR anterior to joint

60
Q

Muscle activation for mid stance

A

hip: plane abductors
knee: GFR anterior to knee; mostly hamstrings
ankle: PF eccentric

61
Q

Muscle activation for terminal stance:

A

hip: GFR posterior to joint; extension moment
knee: initial flexor activity
ankle: PF, gastroc, soleus, FDL, FHL

62
Q

Muscle activation preswing

A

hip: flexor activity
knee: rectus femoris
ankle: PF strong initially

63
Q

Muscle activation mid swing:

A

hip: flexors first, them extensors
knee: flexor activity
ankle: DF (toe clearance)

64
Q

Muscle activation for terminal swing:

A

hip: increasing extensor activity
knee: flexors, then extensors to stabilize
ankle: increasing DF at end of phase

65
Q

Highest point of vertical displacement of COM?

A

midstance

66
Q

Lowest point of vertical displacement of COM?

A

double support

67
Q

What is the average vertical displacement?

A

5 cm

68
Q

Lateral limit of COM?

A

mid stance

Motor Control (8 decks)

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