Lesson 2: 19th Century in Rizal's Context - Prelims Flashcards
What years are considered to be the 19th Century?
1800 - 1899
YEARS only: Rizal was born on ____ and died on ____
1861 - 1896
This was the era of challenges and responses.
19th Century
What major changes in society occurred in the 19th Century?
Changes in the economy
Term used for the age when Filipinos started to be more conscious of nationalism and equality.
Age of Enlightenment
This was considered to be the time of turmoil.
19th Century
What did the Spaniards believe that Filipinos were?
They believed that Filipinos were inferior to them.
Most powerful man in Spanish Government
Governor General
How many Governor Generals served the Philippines in the span of 333 years?
122
Where did Filipinos learn corruption from?
BBM haha joke ( not really ) Spaniards
Where was the Spanish Court based in?
Mexico to Madrid, Spain
Who were the laws made for?
Spaniards, not Filipinos
Social class where majority of the Filipinos belong in.
Indio (lower class)
T or F: Filipinos are allowed to be elected in high positions because of equality.
F duh
T or F: Being elected in higher positions has always been about qualities and capabilities and not about the money they possess.
F haha kahit ngayon naman
Who were in control of the country’s educational system and intervened with the government?
Friars / Priests in Power
Economic policy that has been imposed even before the time of Rizal
Polo y servicio (Forced Labor)
From what age until what age were males required to serve?
18 to 60 years old
How many days a year do they have to serve?
40 days
How did friars make money?
Owning hectares of land and hacienda
They were created to protect the people but did the opposite.
Guardia civil
When was the end of the Galleon Trade?
1815
Main source of income for the colony
Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
When was the service of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade become integrated?
1565 until early 19th century
What goods were brought from Manila to Mexico?
- Tamarind
- Rice
- Carabao
- Chinese tea
- Textiles
- Fireworks
- Tuba
What goods were brought from Mexico to Manila?
- Guava
- Pineapple
- Horse
- Cattle
Silver came from where?
New Spain
Where did silk come from?
China
What year did the Spanish Government close the
ports of Manila?
1565
The only country that the ports of Manila were opened to.
Mexico
This means “a ship trade going back and forth between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico.”
Galleon Trade
Where did the ship first land?
Cebu
Who discovered a return route from Cebu to Mexico in 1565?
Andres de Urdaneta, in convoy with Miguel Lopez de Legaspi
Served as the central income- generating business for Spanish colonists
in the Philippines.
Galleon Trade
What were the other consequences of the Galleon Trade?
Intercultural exchanges between Asia, Spanish America, and onward to Europe and Africa
Who mostly ran the trading hub in Manila?
Chinese
What date did the Galleon Trade end with Mexico’s war of independence?
September 14, 1815
When was the Suez Canal opened?
November 17, 1869
What are the effects of the opening of Suez Canal?
- The Philippines brought closer to Spain
(32 - 40 days) - It became a huge advantage in
commercial enterprises. - It expedited the importation not only of
commercial products but also books, magazines, newspapers with liberal ideas
from America and Europe.
What are the effects of the Suez Canal to the economy of the country?
- Filipino’s life prosper due to the vigorous
economic activity in the country - Modern methods of agriculture were
introduced - The means of communication and
transportation improved - Emergence of the Middle Class
- More Filipinos were able to study in
Europe - Acquired material wealth and improved
social life
What did the Suez Canal connect through the Isthmus of Suez?
Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea
Who constructed the Suez Canal and between what years?
Suez Canal Company between 1859 - 1869
Who led the construction of the Suez Canal?
French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps
Significant factor that enabled the
growth of nationalistic desires of Jose Rizal
and other Filipino ilustrados
Opening of Suez Canal
Encouraged the Ilustrados and Rizal to
pursue education abroad and learn scientific
and liberal in European academic institutions.
Opening of Suez Canal
Provided oppportunities to the Chinese with the use of sugar, hemp, and coffee.
Rise of Export Crop and Monopolies
MATCHING:
(A) Sugar, Hemp, Tobacco
(B) Southeastern Luzon and Eastern Visayas, Western Visayas, Northeastern Luzon
- Sugar - Southeastern Luzon and Eastern
Visayas - Hemp - Western Visayas
- Tobacco - Northeastern Luzon
Years wherein the Philippines was
well on its way of developing an export crop
economy
1820 to 1870
Spain legalized the use of _______ in
1840 wherein the Chinese benefits a lot.
Opium
Another main source of wealth during the post-galleon era.
Monopoly Contracting
Most controversial and most oppressive monopoly to locals
Tobacco Monopoly
Date when Governor General Jose
Basco placed the Philippine tobacco industry
under government control.
March 1, 1782
What was the aim of the tobacco monopoly?
Increase government revenue
Where were the cultivation of tobacco issued?
Provinces of
Cagayan Valley, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La
Union, Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecija, Marinduque
Why was the tobacco monopoly not beneficial to locals?
They sold their produce only to government
at a pre-designated price, leaving little or no
profit for the local farmers.
T or F: There were a set required number of tobacco plants per family.
T
T or F: Locals weree allowed to keep tobacco leaves for personal use, and not commercial use.
F, they’re not allowed to, therefore forcing them to buy it from the government.
T or F: The tobacco monopoly lowered the revenues for the government.
F, positively raised
T or F: The tobacco monopoly brought about food shortage.
T
Year when the tobacco monopoly was abolished
1882
Who ran schools in the European system of education that was implemented in the country?
Catholic missionaries
What was the aim of the education system?
Aiming to convert the natives to the Catholic faith
and make them obedient.
T or F: Religion was a compulsory subject in all levels.
T
This mandated Spanish authorities in the PH to
educate the locals, to teach them how to read
and write, and to learn Spanish.
King Philip II’s Leyes de Indias (Laws of Indies)
Why did the Spanish missionaries not seriously teach Spanish to locals?
They were afraid that Indios would become co-equals.
The first formal schools in the land were the
______ schools.
Parochial
The official language taught to students.
Latin
They believed one way for
locals to learn fast was to use _________, such as applying corporal punishment.
Strict discipline
T or F: There was no co-education in the Spanish regime.
T
What year did a royal decree called for establishment of
a public school system?
1863
What was the result of this public school system?
The rise of the Ilustrados
What was the aim of the Ilustrados?
Be on the same level with the proud Spaniards
Significant impetus
to broader trade was the ________________________
Gradual abolition of
monopoly enjoyed by the Manila-Acapulco
Galleon
T or F: Manila
became less open to foreign merchants
with more restriction by the mid-1830s.
F, they were more open almost without restriction
What consisted the middle class?
The Ilustrados or filibusteros (by the friars)
What are the social classes during this time?
- Peninsulares
- Insulares
- Principalia or Middle class
- Sangley or Chinese
- Indios
Wealthiest and most politically powerful social class
Peninsulares
Full-blooded Spaniards born in the
Philippines
Insulares
Social and educated class in the towns of Colonial Philippines
Principalia or Middle class
Persons of pure Chinese ancestry
Sangley or Chinese
Person of mixed Chinese and indigenous
ancestry
Mestizos de Sangley
Refers to the poor people of the country who could be slaves and peasants only
Indio
Meaning of inquilino in English
Tenant
A qualified system of
tenancy, or the right to use land in
exchange for rent
The 19th Century Inquilino System
T or F: Inquilinos paid a rent that was determined by the lay brother adminestering it based on their own decision.
F, rents were fixed based on the size and quality of land
The 3 Stratas of Hacienda Structures:
- Estate owner
- Leaseholder or Inquilino
- Tenant-sharecropper
T or F: The inquilino suffered most
abuses and demands of the producing sector.
F, the Tenant-sharecroppers suffered the most.
How did the inquilinos achieve relative freedom?
Subleasing their farms
A worldwide view founded on ideas
of freedom and equality.
Liberalism
Includes a wide
range of political philosophies that consider individual liberty to be the most significant goal, and underscore individual rights and equality of
opportunity.
Liberalism
Believes that the government is necessary to protect individuals from being abused despite the government also being a threat to liberty
Liberalism
Who considered the Catholic Church as an enemy of reforms?
The liberals in Spain
Where did the Philippines’ actual experience of liberalism come from?
The role modeling of the “first liberal governor- general in the PH”, Governor General Carlos
Maria De la Tore
From what year did De la Tore hold the position?
1869 - 1871
Widely considered to be the most
beloved of the Spanish Governors-General
ever assigned in the country
Carlos Maria De la Tore
What rules did De la Tore provide for a preview of a democratic rule?
- Avoiding luxury and living a simple life to put his liberal ways into practice
- Encouraged freedom and abolished censorship
- Recognized freedom of speech and of press
- Filipino priests were encouraged to pursue their ndream of replacing the friars with Filipino clergy
De la Tore’s greatest achievement?
Peaceful solution to the land problem in Cavite by having a conference with the rebel leader
Endeavored to curtail
contraband commerce, reclaim control over
transatlantic trade, restrict the church’s power, reform state finances to fill dwindling royal coffers, and found tighter administrative and
political control within the empire.
Bourbon Reforms
T or F: Ideally, the Bourborn reform policies were disadvantageous to the Philippines.
F, advantageous
A liberal constitution was promulgated in Cadiz in
_______ called Cadiz Constitution
March 1812
The first constitution
in Europe to deal with national sovereignty, recognizing sovereignty as coming from the
people and not from the King.
Cadiz Constitution
Had a universal
character as it included everyone from
overseas, like the Italian kingdoms and even
the Philipines
Spanish Constitution of 1812
First delgates of the Philippines who took tgeir oath of office in Madrid
Pedro Perez de Tagle and Jose Manuel Coretto
Established
the principles of universal male suffrage, national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy, and freedom of the press and advocated land
reform and free enterprise.
Cadiz Constitution
When did the constitutional monarch put into place did not come into fruition?
May 1814
Who declared the monarchy invalid and restored absolutism?
King Fernando VII
One crucial creed embodied in the constitution for the locals of the Philippines
Exemption of natives from paying tributes and
rendering public services based on its equality
clause
