Lesson 2

Question 1

Is an organized body of knowledge concerning the physical world, both animate and
inanimate

Answer 1

Science

Question 2

A method of investigating nature- a way of knowing about nature that discovers reliable
knowledge about it.

Answer 2

Science

Question 3

The practical application of science; focused on being able to control or manipulate nature.

Answer 3

Technology

Question 4

Can we know the universe?

Answer 4

Carl Sagan

Question 5

Who said that Science is a way of thinking more than it is a body of knowledge.

Answer 5

Carl Sagan

Question 6

Who said that the goal of science is to find out how the worlds works, to seek what regularities there may be, to
penetrate the connection of things.

Answer 6

Carl Sagan

Question 7

Who said that Science is based on experiment, on a willingness to challenge old dogma, on an openness to
see the universe as it really is.

Answer 7

Carl Sagan

Question 8

Who said that Science sometimes requires courage – at the very least the courage to question the
conventional wisdom.

Answer 8

Carl Sagan

Question 9

Who said that We examine the world critically as if many alternative worlds might exist, as if other things
might be here which are not

Answer 9

Carl Sagan

Question 10

Who said that If you spend any time spinning hypotheses, checking to see whether they make sense,
whether they conform to what else we know – you will find yourself doing science

Answer 10

Carl Sagan

Question 11

To look, to see, to know

Answer 11

Ludwig Fleck

Question 12

Who said that What you think is evidence of what you know. But how do we know that?

Answer 12

Ludwig Fleck

Question 13

facts are self-evident, that they are simply there. Thus, physical
phenomena that manifest themselves visibly are held to be factual; their existence cannot
be doubted since they are confirmed by the senses.

Answer 13

Positivist approach

Question 14

Facts are socially created. Facts are facts once people agree that
these things constitute a fact.

Answer 14

Constructionist approach

Question 15

Who said that Facts are created not in and of themselves but because of the cognition of their existence

Answer 15

Ludwig Fleck

Question 16

Who said that In order to see, one has to know what is essential and what is inessential.

Answer 16

Ludwig Fleck

Question 17

exchange or sharing of ideas creates a collective mood; and because both
understanding and misunderstandings, creates its own peculiar thought style.

Answer 17

Thought collective

Question 18

individuals echo the pronouncement professionals to gain
more authority.

Answer 18

Professionals and exoterics

Question 19

shape the way people think about the world

Answer 19

Active elements

Question 20

What the members of the thought collective hold to be objective
reality

Answer 20

Passive elements

Question 21

Thought styles

Answer 21

Active elements,Passive elements

Question 22

On scientific method

Answer 22

Robert Pirsig

Question 23

Who said that Methods of finding one’s way through hierarchies is logic

Answer 23

Robert Pirsig

Question 24

reasoning from particular experiences to general truths

Answer 24

Inductive reasoning

Question 25

start with general knowledge and predict a specific observation

Answer 25

Deductive reasoning

Question 26

Solution of problems too complicated for common sense to solve is achieved mixed
inductive and deductive inferences; the correct program for this interweaving is formalized as ___

Answer 26

scientific method

Question 27

The real purpose of ___ is to make sure nature hasn’t misled you into thinking
you know something you don’t actually know

Answer 27

scientific method

Question 28

Scientific method steps

Answer 28

1.Statement Of the Problem
2.Formulation of hypotheses as to the cause ot the
3.Experimentation (test hypotheses)
4.Results of the experiment
5.Discussion of the results of the experiment
6.Conclusions from the results

Question 29

Epistemic Development and the Perils of Pluto

Answer 29

David Moshman

Question 30

Pluto was redefined. More precisely, the definition of planet was changed.

Answer 30

David Moshman

Question 31

Knowledge about knowledge

Answer 31

Epistemic Cognition

Question 32

The process of thinking about one’s forms of knowledge and ways of knowing

Answer 32

Epistemic Cognition

Question 33

A person has ___ once they understand that beliefs may be false

Answer 33

epistemic cognition

Question 34

Progress in knowledge about knowledge (epistemic cognition)

Answer 34

Epistemic development

Question 35

Epistemic development two levels

Answer 35

childhood, adolescence and adulthood

Question 36

3 Epistemic Domains

Answer 36

Objectivist epistemologies
Subjectivist epistemologies
Rationalist epistemologies

Question 37

a. An objective domain of truth
b. Take facts and logical proofs as paradigm case of knowledge

Answer 37

Objectivist epistemologies

Question 38

a. A subjective domain of taste
b. View knowledge as opinion, and opinion as a matter of taste

Answer 38

Subjectivist epistemologies

Question 39

a. A rational domain of reasonable interpretation
b. Construe knowledge, in a world of interpretation and inferenced, as justified belief

Answer 39

Rationalist epistemologies

Question 40

Detached, impersonal and objective person wearing glasses and socially awkward most of
the time

Answer 40

scientist

Question 41

also seen as the gatekeeper of often mysterious and arcane knowledge,
knowledge that could be either helpful or harmful

Answer 41

scientist

Question 42

__ and therefore ___ was about the pure seeking of
knowledge for its own sake, in the hope that one day it would be used.

Answer 42

scientist, science

Question 43

providing immediate solutions to problems
faced by society.

Answer 43

scientist