lesson 2 Flashcards
whereby members of the community live together for mutual benefit
Social solidarity
Earliest forms of society
Survive primarily by hunting, trapping, fishing and gathering edible plants
Hunting and gathering societies
“Pastoral” came from a Latin word pastor which means
“shepherd”.
People living in a pastoral society are called pastoralists.
Crops cannot be supported and only have to move when the land in which animals gaze is no longer usable
Rely on products through the domestication and breeding of animals for transportation and food.
Pastoral Societies
Rely on the cultivation of fruits, vegetables and pants in order to survive
Often forced to relocate when the resources of the land are depleted or when the water supplies decrease.
Horticultural Societies
Focuses on mode of production
Rely on the use of technology in order to cultivate crops in large areas, including wheat. Rice and corn.
Productivity increase, and as long as there are plenty of food, people do not have to move
Agricultural societies
Economy are based on services and technology, not production
Economy is dependent on tangible goods, people must pursue greater education, and the new communications technology allows work to be performed from a variety of locations.
Post Industrial Societies
refers to the set of beliefs, attitudes, as well as material objects and possessions accumulated over time and shared by the members of society.
CULTURE
composed of the physical or tangible objects produced, shared, and utilized within society such as tools or implements, paintings and other works of art, architectural styles, weaponry, and toys.
Material Culture
consists of the intangible properties and elements of society that influence the patterns of action and behavior of its members. Examples: language, beliefs, values, attitudes, ideas, and norms shared among members of society
Nonmaterial Culture
refer to things that convey meaning or represent an idea.
Symbols
is a set of symbols that enables members of society to communicate verbally (spoken) and nonverbally (written, gestures)
Language
are shared ideas, norms, and principles that provide members of society the standards that pertain to what is right or wrong, good or bad, desirable or undesirable.
Values
are shared rules of conduct that determine specific behavior among society members
Norms
A group of people who share a common territory and a culture
Represents social structures organizations
SOCIETY
Sociologists refer to a definable region as small as a neighborhood
Territory
a group of individuals sharing a common culture, geographical location, and government. Human beings are considered to be naturally inclined to be part of societies where they establish mutually beneficial relationships with one another. Societies enable in
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
are norms that may be violated without serious consequences.
Folkways
are norms with moral connotations.
Mores
are norms that are legally enacted and enforced.
Laws
refers to the lifelong process of forging identity through social interaction.
Socialization
refers to the process by which an individual gradually learns or acquires the important aspects of his or her society’s culture.
Enculturation
refers to a particular circumstances of a certain culture and is defined by location, weather, time period, and other factors.
Context
is the belief that one’s native culture is superior to other cultures.
Ethnocentric Approach
considers culture as the central focus of its discipline. It studies the different cultures of different societies.
ANTHROPOLOGY
diminishes or invalidates “other” ways of life and creates a distorted view of one’s own. As a result, this could affect individual behavior and relationship with other cultures.
Ethnocentrism
considers cultures as equal. This view holds that there are no “superior” and “inferior” cultures, and each is unique in its own way.
Relativistic Approach
the tendency to consider that their culture is inferior to others.
Xenocentrism
recognizes and accepts the cultural differences between societies
Cultural Relativism
relates culture with the overall context of social order. There are different sociological perspectives that explain this order.
SOCIOLOGY
operates on the assumption that society is a stable and orderly system.
Structural functionalism
assumes that there is a constant power struggle among the various social groups and institutions within society.
Conflict Theory
also examines culture as a vital aspect of society. Culture, together with political socialization, is analyzed in order to explain political behavior such as voting patterns and the behavior of leaders.
Political Science
views individual and group behavior and social interactions as defining features of society.
Symbolic Interactionism
an ideology that acknowledges and promotes cultural diversity within society.
Multiculturalism
advances awareness and acceptance of cultural differences but encourages a critical stance in dealing with issues regarding diversity.
Cultural Sensitivity
