fucvk lesson 4 Flashcards
Refers to the process whereby organisms undergo various genetic and physical changes that pave the way for biological diversity.
Biological Evolution
According to him, the theory of evolution in biology suggests that, “the various types of plants, animals and other living things on earth have their origins in other pre-existing types and the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations.”
They lived a nomadic lifestyle and engaged in hunting and gathering for their livelihood.
Introduced in the 1970s
Francisco Jose Ayala (noted spanish - american biologist)
They learned to create various tools and equipment for their daily tasks such as planting crops, domesticating animals and trade.
Technological Evolution
They refer to it as “the mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture.The concept focuses on the idea that “ biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution. sometimes in 1970s
Biocultural Evolution
Is the middle stage of development where people began learning agricultural techniques and the domestication of animals.
Barbarism Also known as Barbaric stage
he came up with an evolutionary scheme that divided history into 3 stages of development;
Lewis Henry Morgan
It is the lowest stage of development which is exemplified by nomadic and hunter gatherer lifestyle.
Savagery Also known as savage stage
Is the highest stage of development where people learn writing.
Civilization
Also known as civilised stage
postulated that the accumulation of private property paved the way for the collapse of primitive communities and the establishment of a class-based society.
Friedrich Engles
Applied Charles Darwin’s principles of biological evolution to social evolution.
Individual members within societies engage in a competition for survival whereby the superior ones dominate those who are of the inferior type.
Herbert Spencer
It is believed that societies cannot be classified according to definite stages of development, and that one society cannot claim to be more “advanced” than other societies.
Non Evolutionary Perspective
The main proponent of cultural relativism. He argued that human behaviour is not rooted in biology but is socially constructed.
Franz Boas
The earliest societies were hunters - gatherers. They were basically small and nomadic family groups and were plainly organised.
Believed to be highly egalitarian and nonhierarchical since distinctions were based on age, sec, and division of labour was natural.
Band-level Societies
This was a more formal social organisation made up of several bands or groups that were connected through a clan structure or kinship.
Tribe
The leader of the tribe which is known as
headman
