fucvk lesson 4 Flashcards
Refers to the process whereby organisms undergo various genetic and physical changes that pave the way for biological diversity.
Biological Evolution
According to him, the theory of evolution in biology suggests that, “the various types of plants, animals and other living things on earth have their origins in other pre-existing types and the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations.”
They lived a nomadic lifestyle and engaged in hunting and gathering for their livelihood.
Introduced in the 1970s
Francisco Jose Ayala (noted spanish - american biologist)
They learned to create various tools and equipment for their daily tasks such as planting crops, domesticating animals and trade.
Technological Evolution
They refer to it as “the mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture.The concept focuses on the idea that “ biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution. sometimes in 1970s
Biocultural Evolution
Is the middle stage of development where people began learning agricultural techniques and the domestication of animals.
Barbarism Also known as Barbaric stage
he came up with an evolutionary scheme that divided history into 3 stages of development;
Lewis Henry Morgan
It is the lowest stage of development which is exemplified by nomadic and hunter gatherer lifestyle.
Savagery Also known as savage stage
Is the highest stage of development where people learn writing.
Civilization
Also known as civilised stage
postulated that the accumulation of private property paved the way for the collapse of primitive communities and the establishment of a class-based society.
Friedrich Engles
Applied Charles Darwin’s principles of biological evolution to social evolution.
Individual members within societies engage in a competition for survival whereby the superior ones dominate those who are of the inferior type.
Herbert Spencer
It is believed that societies cannot be classified according to definite stages of development, and that one society cannot claim to be more “advanced” than other societies.
Non Evolutionary Perspective
The main proponent of cultural relativism. He argued that human behaviour is not rooted in biology but is socially constructed.
Franz Boas
The earliest societies were hunters - gatherers. They were basically small and nomadic family groups and were plainly organised.
Believed to be highly egalitarian and nonhierarchical since distinctions were based on age, sec, and division of labour was natural.
Band-level Societies
This was a more formal social organisation made up of several bands or groups that were connected through a clan structure or kinship.
Tribe
The leader of the tribe which is known as
headman
Consisted of tribes united under one leader or chief
Chiefdom
Effects were increased migration, the growth of urban populations, changes in lifestyle, increased production, technological advancements, and the rise of the middle class.
The Industrial Revolution
is an agreement made by the members of society that defines and influences their interactions, particularly with those in authority.
Social Contract
An English philosopher thought that the agreement was necessitated by the need to guarantee the security of people.
Thomas Hobbes
Another English philosopher thought the social contract was needed in order to guarantee the fair and impartial enforcement of the law.
Human beings live in a state of nature governed by rationality and natural law.
Jean - Jacque Rousseau
Developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, asserts that societies evolve in stages in relation to the development of the means of production and its ownership
Historical-materialist perspective
The sociologist Max Weber observed the process of rationalisation and bureaucratization. Based on these perspectives, more specialized functions have to be performed by social institutions as societies expand economically.
Rationalization and Bureaucratization
The term bureaucracy is a fusion of two words, the French
bureau meaning “office” and the Greek word kratos meaning “hierarchy”. Literally, bureaucracy means “rule by officials.”
She describe traditional societies to be bound by what he called mechanical solidarity
Emile Durkheim
mechanical solidarity
sense of bonding within the community based on similar beliefs,values,and activities as well as kinship ties between its members.
