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botany > lesson 2 > Flashcards

lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

backbone of organic molecule

A

carbon

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2
Q

required for aerobic respiration

A

oxygen

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3
Q

present in most organic molecules

A

hydrogen

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4
Q

present in all protein and nucleic acid and chlorophyll

A

nitrogen

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5
Q

present in nucleic acid and energy transfer molecules such as ATP

A

phosphorus

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6
Q

helps provide ionic balance in cells

A

potassium

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7
Q

present in chlorophyll

A

magnesium

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8
Q

component of certain enzyme

A

iron

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9
Q

constituent of cell walls. required for some energy transfer reaction

A

calcium

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10
Q

Composed of substances in which two or more chemical elements (other than carbon) are combined, nearly always in definite proportions.

A

inorganic compound

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11
Q

universal solvent

A

water

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12
Q

Helps shape the continents, moderates our climate and allows organisms to exist and survive.

A

water

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13
Q

Vital to plants and other organisms because it carries dissolved nutrients and other important materials to cells.

A

water

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14
Q

tendency of unlike molecules to adhere to one another.

A

adhesion

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15
Q

the tendency of like molecules to adhere, or stick together.

A

cohesion

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16
Q

Water is cohesive, and this strong attraction of water molecules to one another results from the __________ among them.

A

hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

Water is strongly adhesive with many other materials, particularly those that are ________

A

polar

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18
Q

The ability of water to make things wet is the result of __________

A

adhesion

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19
Q

This measures the relative concentrations of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution.

A

pH scale

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20
Q

Compound that dissociates in water to produce negatively charged hydroxide ions and positively charged ions.

A

base

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21
Q

Compound that dissociates or breaks up, in a solution of water to form hydrogen ions and negatively charged ions.

A

acids

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22
Q

Each hydrogen ion of an acid combines with a hydroxide ion of a base to form a _____________.

A

water molecule

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23
Q

acid and bases react with one another, in the process ______________ the chemical effect that each group had originally.

A

neutralizing

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24
Q

Foundations on which the structures of plants and other organisms are built.

A

organic compounds

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25
Q

organic compounds, such as sugars, starches, and cellulose, that plants use as fuel molecules, as constituents of other important compounds such as nucleic acids, and as structural components of cells.

A

carbohydrates

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26
Q

The general equation for carbohydrates

A

CH2O

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27
Q

1 sugar unit

A

Monosaccharides

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28
Q

Monosaccharides contain ________ atoms.

A

3-6 carbon atoms

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29
Q

Fuel molecules that cells
breakdown to obtain their energy for cellular activities.

A

monosaccharides

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30
Q

monosaccharides is also known as ___________

A

simple sugar

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31
Q

also known as physiological sugar or dextrose

A

glucose

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32
Q

main storage carbohydrates in plants

A

glucose

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33
Q

monosaccharides that is rapidly absorbed in the small intestine

A

galactose

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34
Q

blood sugar

A

glucose

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35
Q

fruit sugar

A

fructose

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36
Q

also known as L-glucose/levulose

A

fructose

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37
Q

sweetest monosaccharide

A

fructose

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38
Q

brain sugar

A

galactose

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39
Q

also known as wood sugar

A

xylose

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40
Q

often found in fruits

A

fructose

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41
Q

essential component of atp

A

ribose

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42
Q

component of DNA

A

deoxyribose

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43
Q

use as diagnostic agent in intestinal malabsorption

A

xylose

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44
Q

found in RNA

A

ribose

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45
Q

obtaining from boiling corn cobs, wood and straw

A

xylose

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46
Q

2 sugar unit

A

Disaccharides

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47
Q

consist of 2 bonded monosaccharides

A

Disaccharides

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48
Q

the 2 bonded monosaccharide untis are joined by ____________

A

glycosidic linkage

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49
Q

simple sugar that are soluble in water

A

Disaccharides

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50
Q

Also known as Cane Sugar or Table Sugar.

A

sucrose

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51
Q

Stored in sugarcane, sugar maple and sugar beets

A

sucrose

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52
Q

Consists of glucose and fructose molecule.

A

sucrose

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53
Q

Transported in a plant’s vascular system (conducting tissue).

A

sucrose

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54
Q

The formation of sucrose from glucose and fructose involves the removal of a
molecule of water.

A

condensation reaction

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55
Q

Also known as maltobiose or malt sugar.

A

maltose

56
Q

stored in barley

A

maltose

57
Q

consists of two glucose molecules

A

maltose

58
Q

Created in seeds and other parts of plants as they break down their stored
energy in order to sprout.

A

maltose

59
Q

Component of Infant milk.

A

lactose

60
Q

Food for lactobacilli

A

lactose

61
Q

Use as diluent.

A

lactose

62
Q

Sugar composed of galactose and glucose subunit.

A

lactose

63
Q

Composed of many sugar units.

A

polysaccharides

64
Q

Also known as complex sugars.

A

polysaccharides

65
Q

Enormous polysaccharide molecules composed of thousands of glucose units.

A

starches

66
Q

Antidote for iodine poisoning

A

starches

67
Q

Temporary storage form of photosynthetic products in plants.

A

starches

68
Q

Plants build up their energy reserves by storing ____________

A

starch

69
Q

Use as a tablet binder, filler and disintegrant

A

starches

70
Q

Major component of plant cell walls,

A

cellulose

71
Q

The cellulose molecule is an unbranched polysaccharide consisting of about
______________ glucose units.

A

10,000

72
Q

Most abundant organic polymer on Earth, accounts for about 50% by mass of the organic compounds in plants.

A

cellulose

73
Q

occurring in most mammalian and nonmammalian cells, in microorganisms, and even in some plants.

A

glycogen

74
Q

glycogen is branched every _________

A

10 units

75
Q

Storage form of carbohydrates in animals.

A

glycogen

76
Q

Any group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in fat solvents.

A

lipids

77
Q

composed of carbon and hydrogen, although they also contain oxygen.

A

lipids

78
Q

Function in all cells as fuel molecules and as essential components of cell membranes.

A

lipids

79
Q

Fat is _______ at room temperature, while oil is ______ at room temperature.

A

solid, liquid

80
Q

fat and oils consist of a molecule of _____ joined to one, two or three ______

A

glycerol, fatty acids

81
Q

typically composed of even numbers of carbon atoms and range in length from 4 to 20 carbons or even longer

A

fatty acids

82
Q

The most common fatty acid

A

oleic acid

83
Q

contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonding bonds

A

unsaturated fatty acids

84
Q

ingestion tends to decrease the blood chol level

A

unsaturated fatty acids

85
Q

oils produced by plants

A

unsaturated fatty acids

86
Q

contains the max number of hydrogen atoms possible because the contain no C=C

A

saturated fatty acids

87
Q

fats produced by animals

A

saturated fatty acids

88
Q

increases chol levels

A

saturated fatty acids

89
Q

Consists of a glycerol molecule attached to one end to two fatty acids and at the other end to a phosphate group linked to an organic compound.

A

phospholipids

90
Q

Form double layers or bilayers, in water environments such as cells.

A

phospholipids

91
Q

Basic component of cell membranes.

A

phospholipids

92
Q

a waxy substance found in the outer walls of epidermal cells, forms the cuticle that covers the aerial portions of plant leaves and herbaceous stems

A

cutin

93
Q

a waxy substance found in the walls of cork cells.

A

suberin

94
Q

used to harden ointment and cosmetic cream.

A

waxes

95
Q

Protective coating in industry and arts.

A

wax

96
Q

used as polishing agent

A

carnuba wax

97
Q

wax from leaves

A

carnuba wax

98
Q

also known as yellow wax or white wax

A

beeswaxs

99
Q

stiffening agent

A

beeswax

100
Q

produced from the bee worker’s saliva; used as tonic

A

royal jelly

101
Q

Macromolecules composed of C, O, H, N and S that serve as structural components of cells and tissues.

A

protein

102
Q

proteins are composed of _________ subunits.

A

amino acid

103
Q

About ___ amino acids are found in proteins; they differ in their R groups.

A

20

104
Q

Each contains a carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (- COOH) and a side chain, designated R.

A

amino acids

105
Q

Animals, can manufacture some amino acids, but they must obtain other amino acids, referred to as:

A

essential amino acids

106
Q

the order in protein determines its _______ and _______

A

structure and function

107
Q

each additional AA added to the growing chain likewise forms a _________
between itself and __________.

A

peptide bond and a polypeptide chain

108
Q

The bond linking one amino acid to another, forms between the _________ of one amino acid and the ___________ of another

A

carboxyl carbon and amino nitrogen

109
Q

This covalent bond forms as a result of a condensation
reaction.

A

polypeptide bond

110
Q

linear sequence of amino acids.

A

primary acid

111
Q

a regular shape, such as a spiral helix, that is caused by rotation
of the polypeptide chain; hydrogen bonding among different parts of the polypeptide
chain causes secondary structure.

A

secondary structure

112
Q

the overall shape of the polypeptide chain, as determined by
interactions of the side chains of amino acids.

A

tertiary structure

113
Q

which two or more polypeptide
chains associate to form the final protein molecule.

A

quaternary structure

114
Q

These are protein molecules that function as catalysts

A

enzyme

115
Q

they increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur but are not used up in the reactions.

A

enzyme

116
Q

the material on which the enzyme works is known as the ____________

A

substrate

117
Q

Macromolecules composed of C, O, H, N and P.

A

nucleic acid

118
Q

nucleic acid are composed of repeating unit called _________

A

nucleotides

119
Q

the two nucleic acids

A

deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

120
Q

Each nucleotide molecule is composed of three parts.

A

Sugar.
Nitrogenous Base.
Phosphate Group.

121
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

122
Q

composition of ATP

A

base adenine, the sugar ribose and 3 phosphate molecules.

123
Q

Present in all living cells as their “energy currency”.

A

ATP

124
Q

Used in the early 19th century to coat and waterproof clothing, but it got sticky at warmer temperatures and brittle at cooler temperatures

A

rubber tree

125
Q

scientific name of rubber tree

A

hevea brasiliensis

126
Q

he developed vulcanization, that eliminates its undesirable properties.

A

charles goodyear

127
Q

US Chemists developed a synthetic rubber synthesized from?

A

petroleum

128
Q

scientific name of sugar cane

A

saccharum officinarum

129
Q

scientific name of sugar maple

A

acer saccharum

130
Q

scientific name of sugar beets

A

beta vulgaris

131
Q

scientific name of barley

A

hordeum vulgare

132
Q

scientific name of potato

A

solanum tuberosum

133
Q

scientific name of carnuba wax

A

copernicia prunifera

134
Q

scientific name of beeswax

A

apis melliferao

135
Q

amino acids that animals can produce

A

non essential amino acids

136
Q

how many essential amino acids do we have

A

9

137
Q
A

botany (8 decks)

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