lesson 2 Flashcards
backbone of organic molecule
carbon
required for aerobic respiration
oxygen
present in most organic molecules
hydrogen
present in all protein and nucleic acid and chlorophyll
nitrogen
present in nucleic acid and energy transfer molecules such as ATP
phosphorus
helps provide ionic balance in cells
potassium
present in chlorophyll
magnesium
component of certain enzyme
iron
constituent of cell walls. required for some energy transfer reaction
calcium
Composed of substances in which two or more chemical elements (other than carbon) are combined, nearly always in definite proportions.
inorganic compound
universal solvent
water
Helps shape the continents, moderates our climate and allows organisms to exist and survive.
water
Vital to plants and other organisms because it carries dissolved nutrients and other important materials to cells.
water
tendency of unlike molecules to adhere to one another.
adhesion
the tendency of like molecules to adhere, or stick together.
cohesion
Water is cohesive, and this strong attraction of water molecules to one another results from the __________ among them.
hydrogen bonds
Water is strongly adhesive with many other materials, particularly those that are ________
polar
The ability of water to make things wet is the result of __________
adhesion
This measures the relative concentrations of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution.
pH scale
Compound that dissociates in water to produce negatively charged hydroxide ions and positively charged ions.
base
Compound that dissociates or breaks up, in a solution of water to form hydrogen ions and negatively charged ions.
acids
Each hydrogen ion of an acid combines with a hydroxide ion of a base to form a _____________.
water molecule
acid and bases react with one another, in the process ______________ the chemical effect that each group had originally.
neutralizing
Foundations on which the structures of plants and other organisms are built.
organic compounds
organic compounds, such as sugars, starches, and cellulose, that plants use as fuel molecules, as constituents of other important compounds such as nucleic acids, and as structural components of cells.
carbohydrates
The general equation for carbohydrates
CH2O
1 sugar unit
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides contain ________ atoms.
3-6 carbon atoms
Fuel molecules that cells
breakdown to obtain their energy for cellular activities.
monosaccharides
monosaccharides is also known as ___________
simple sugar
also known as physiological sugar or dextrose
glucose
main storage carbohydrates in plants
glucose
monosaccharides that is rapidly absorbed in the small intestine
galactose
blood sugar
glucose
fruit sugar
fructose
also known as L-glucose/levulose
fructose
sweetest monosaccharide
fructose
brain sugar
galactose
also known as wood sugar
xylose
often found in fruits
fructose
essential component of atp
ribose
component of DNA
deoxyribose
use as diagnostic agent in intestinal malabsorption
xylose
found in RNA
ribose
obtaining from boiling corn cobs, wood and straw
xylose
2 sugar unit
Disaccharides
consist of 2 bonded monosaccharides
Disaccharides
the 2 bonded monosaccharide untis are joined by ____________
glycosidic linkage
simple sugar that are soluble in water
Disaccharides
Also known as Cane Sugar or Table Sugar.
sucrose
Stored in sugarcane, sugar maple and sugar beets
sucrose
Consists of glucose and fructose molecule.
sucrose
Transported in a plant’s vascular system (conducting tissue).
sucrose
The formation of sucrose from glucose and fructose involves the removal of a
molecule of water.
condensation reaction
Also known as maltobiose or malt sugar.
maltose
stored in barley
maltose
consists of two glucose molecules
maltose
Created in seeds and other parts of plants as they break down their stored
energy in order to sprout.
maltose
Component of Infant milk.
lactose
Food for lactobacilli
lactose
Use as diluent.
lactose
Sugar composed of galactose and glucose subunit.
lactose
Composed of many sugar units.
polysaccharides
Also known as complex sugars.
polysaccharides
Enormous polysaccharide molecules composed of thousands of glucose units.
starches
Antidote for iodine poisoning
starches
Temporary storage form of photosynthetic products in plants.
starches
Plants build up their energy reserves by storing ____________
starch
Use as a tablet binder, filler and disintegrant
starches
Major component of plant cell walls,
cellulose
The cellulose molecule is an unbranched polysaccharide consisting of about
______________ glucose units.
10,000
Most abundant organic polymer on Earth, accounts for about 50% by mass of the organic compounds in plants.
cellulose
occurring in most mammalian and nonmammalian cells, in microorganisms, and even in some plants.
glycogen
glycogen is branched every _________
10 units
Storage form of carbohydrates in animals.
glycogen
Any group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in fat solvents.
lipids
composed of carbon and hydrogen, although they also contain oxygen.
lipids
Function in all cells as fuel molecules and as essential components of cell membranes.
lipids
Fat is _______ at room temperature, while oil is ______ at room temperature.
solid, liquid
fat and oils consist of a molecule of _____ joined to one, two or three ______
glycerol, fatty acids
typically composed of even numbers of carbon atoms and range in length from 4 to 20 carbons or even longer
fatty acids
The most common fatty acid
oleic acid
contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonding bonds
unsaturated fatty acids
ingestion tends to decrease the blood chol level
unsaturated fatty acids
oils produced by plants
unsaturated fatty acids
contains the max number of hydrogen atoms possible because the contain no C=C
saturated fatty acids
fats produced by animals
saturated fatty acids
increases chol levels
saturated fatty acids
Consists of a glycerol molecule attached to one end to two fatty acids and at the other end to a phosphate group linked to an organic compound.
phospholipids
Form double layers or bilayers, in water environments such as cells.
phospholipids
Basic component of cell membranes.
phospholipids
a waxy substance found in the outer walls of epidermal cells, forms the cuticle that covers the aerial portions of plant leaves and herbaceous stems
cutin
a waxy substance found in the walls of cork cells.
suberin
used to harden ointment and cosmetic cream.
waxes
Protective coating in industry and arts.
wax
used as polishing agent
carnuba wax
wax from leaves
carnuba wax
also known as yellow wax or white wax
beeswaxs
stiffening agent
beeswax
produced from the bee worker’s saliva; used as tonic
royal jelly
Macromolecules composed of C, O, H, N and S that serve as structural components of cells and tissues.
protein
proteins are composed of _________ subunits.
amino acid
About ___ amino acids are found in proteins; they differ in their R groups.
20
Each contains a carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (- COOH) and a side chain, designated R.
amino acids
Animals, can manufacture some amino acids, but they must obtain other amino acids, referred to as:
essential amino acids
the order in protein determines its _______ and _______
structure and function
each additional AA added to the growing chain likewise forms a _________
between itself and __________.
peptide bond and a polypeptide chain
The bond linking one amino acid to another, forms between the _________ of one amino acid and the ___________ of another
carboxyl carbon and amino nitrogen
This covalent bond forms as a result of a condensation
reaction.
polypeptide bond
linear sequence of amino acids.
primary acid
a regular shape, such as a spiral helix, that is caused by rotation
of the polypeptide chain; hydrogen bonding among different parts of the polypeptide
chain causes secondary structure.
secondary structure
the overall shape of the polypeptide chain, as determined by
interactions of the side chains of amino acids.
tertiary structure
which two or more polypeptide
chains associate to form the final protein molecule.
quaternary structure
These are protein molecules that function as catalysts
enzyme
they increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur but are not used up in the reactions.
enzyme
the material on which the enzyme works is known as the ____________
substrate
Macromolecules composed of C, O, H, N and P.
nucleic acid
nucleic acid are composed of repeating unit called _________
nucleotides
the two nucleic acids
deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
Each nucleotide molecule is composed of three parts.
Sugar.
Nitrogenous Base.
Phosphate Group.
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
composition of ATP
base adenine, the sugar ribose and 3 phosphate molecules.
Present in all living cells as their “energy currency”.
ATP
Used in the early 19th century to coat and waterproof clothing, but it got sticky at warmer temperatures and brittle at cooler temperatures
rubber tree
scientific name of rubber tree
hevea brasiliensis
he developed vulcanization, that eliminates its undesirable properties.
charles goodyear
US Chemists developed a synthetic rubber synthesized from?
petroleum
scientific name of sugar cane
saccharum officinarum
scientific name of sugar maple
acer saccharum
scientific name of sugar beets
beta vulgaris
scientific name of barley
hordeum vulgare
scientific name of potato
solanum tuberosum
scientific name of carnuba wax
copernicia prunifera
scientific name of beeswax
apis melliferao
amino acids that animals can produce
non essential amino acids
how many essential amino acids do we have
9
