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Organisms 1 > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where did life originate from (in terms of type of organism)?

A

Single-celled prokaryotes

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2
Q

What types of organisms are included in the eukaryotes?

A

Plants, animals, fungi, protists

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3
Q

What are protists?

A

Eukaryotes that cannot be classified as plants, fungi or animals. Some are plant-like or animal-like. Some are photosynthetic and others are heterotroph. Some are unicellular others are multicellular

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4
Q

True or false? All organisms that photosynthesize are plants.

A

False

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5
Q

What are the green algae types that are most likely to be the ancestors of land plants?

A

Charophytes

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6
Q

What type of ancestor evolved into the many olant species?

A

A protist

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7
Q

Are all algae photosynthetic?

A

No

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8
Q

Are all algae common ancestors to plants?

A

No

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9
Q

What are the 7 organisms that can photosynthesize?

A

Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
Rodiolarians
Chlorophytes
Charophytes
Land plants

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10
Q

Are fungi more closely related to animals or plants?

A

Animals

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11
Q

What characterizes the archeaplastida?

A

A single endosymbiotic event of a eukaryote engulfing a cyanobacteria

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12
Q

What is the definition of monophyly?

A

Sharing a common ancestor

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13
Q

What is the definition of polyphyly?

A

Organisms arising from multiple ancestral sources. They have no common ancestors but are grouped together because of a feature

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14
Q

True or false? Algae were once grouped together because of a common ancestor.

A

False (common trait)

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of red algae?

A

Abundant in tropical and warm waters
Mostly multicellular
Mainly marine
Simplified chloroplast

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16
Q

Tru or false? Red algae are red all the time.

A

False

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17
Q

What are the pigmentations present in red algae?

A

Chlorophyll a
Carotenoid
Phycobiliprotein

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18
Q

What does phycobiliprotein do in red algae?

A

Protects the algae from UV
Responsible for red colour
Sometimes related to photosynthesis

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of Glaucophytes?

A

Only 15 sepcies
Unicellular
Freshwater
Pigmentation mix of green and red algae
Plasma membrane residue from cyanobacteria endosymbiont (peptidoglycan around chloroplasts)

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20
Q

What are the categories of organisms classed as archeaplastida?

A

Red algae
Glaucophytes
Chlorophytes
Charophystes
Land plants

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of green algae?

A

Diverse species
Variety of habitat
Size varies (Single celled, colonial grouping of single cells or large)
Store starch in plastids
Chlorophyll a and b
Some have cells walls (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectic substance)

22
Q

What are chlorophyll a and b do?

A

Light-harvesting pigments

23
Q

What are some physical characteristics of Chlamydomonas?

A

Flagellum
Nucleus with nucleolus
Chloroplast
Pyrenoid
Cell wall
2 vacuole in cell

24
Q

What are some characteristics of chlamydomonas?

A

Motile, unicellular
Freshwater green algae
2 flagella
Chloroplast with red photosensitive eyespot
Pyrenoid
No cellulose in wall
Glycoprotenatious in cell wall

25
What does the photosensitive eyespot in chlamydomonas do?
Help locate light
26
What is a pyrenoid?
A carbon concentrating mechanism. It makes it so the work of chloroplast can be done in the absence if O2
27
What do the flagellum of chlamydomonas do?
Help swim around
28
What are flagellum?
Tail like thing
29
What do the two vacuoles in the chlamydomonas do?
Accumulate water and discharge it giving them a boost
30
What are the two stages of the life-cycle of the algae?
Sporophyte Gametophyte.
31
What are the characteristics of the gametophyte part of the life-cycle of the algae?
Haploid Sexual phase Gamete production from larger mass of cell Grow by mitosis Gametes haploid Dominant in algae
32
What are the characteristics of sporophytes in algae?
Diploid Asexual Spore production by meiosis Growth by mitosis Haploid spores Dominant in angio/gymnosperms
33
Explain the asexual life-cycle of algae
Start as 2 strain which grow into 2 zoospores. Divide asexually by mitosis into 16 daughter cells within outer cell wall Secrete an enzyme that catalyses a reaction that breaks down the cell wall and release the zoospores (can divide again)
34
Explain the sexual stage of the life-cycle of algae.
Under the right conditions, the gametes fuse. Flagella entangle to form shared flagella membrane Protoplasmic thread (conjugation tube) Plasmogamy Karyogamy forms a zygote Becomes a zygospore with a thich cell wall and goes into a period of dormancy Goes through meiosis and germination and 4 haploid zoospore emerge
35
What is plasmogamy?
Sharing of cytoplasm
36
What is karyogamy?
Nuclei fuse, DNA mix and flagella shortens and disappear.
37
True or false? Algae go through alternation of generation.
True
38
What are the advantages of having asexual lifecycles?
Fast reproduction
39
What are the advantage of sexual reproduction and why?
Genetic variation involved which diversify traits and populations and make them have greater ability or survival.
40
What is the disadvantage of sexual reproduction?
Slower reproduction
41
What us the disadvantage of asexual life-cycle?
Less genetic variation
42
True or false? Green algae are green all the time
False
43
What are lichen made of?
Green algae Cyanobacteria Fungi
44
What does the mycobiont in lichen do?
Provides minerals and protection Control rate of growth
45
What do the photobiont do in algae?
Provides carbohydrates
46
What are the photobiont of lichen?
Green algae Cyanobacteria
47
What is the mycrobiont in lichen?
Fungi
48
What are the five parts of lichen and what are they made of?
Cortex: outer layer of fungus filament Photobiont (green algae) Loosely packed hyphae 8n medulla Tightly woven lower cortex Rhizines attached to substrete transfers nutrients
49
What are rhizines?
Anchoring hyphae of lichen
50
True or false each individual lichen reproduce asexually together?
True

Organisms 1 (10 decks)

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