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Organisms 1 > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of an eukaryote?

A

Has a nucleus and membrane bound-organelles
Most DNA is in the nuclear membrane and organized in chromosome
The nucleus allows for gene regulation

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2
Q

What are the advantages for a cell to have a nucleus?

A

Higher level of organization
Transcription is done away from translation
It helps build proteun complexed

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3
Q

What are the viridiplantae?

A

Green algae and land plants

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4
Q

What are the three main features of plants?

A

Obtain energy from sunlight via photosynthesis
Being multicellular
Reproduces through alternation of generation

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5
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

Organisms that make their own food.

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6
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that feed on other organisms

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7
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

A complex pigment system to capture light energy which is stored in organic molecules using inorganic compounds

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8
Q

What are the advantages of multicellularity?

A

It allows differentiation of cells
It allows plants to expand without exposing only one cell (would make them vilnerable’

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9
Q

What are the two stages of alternating generations?

A

Haploid sexual
Diploid asexual

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10
Q

What are gemetophytes?

A

Multicellular haploid

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11
Q

What are sporophytes?

A

Multicellular diploid

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12
Q

True or false? The haploid phase of all plants are very long.

A

False

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13
Q

What are the four types of land plants we will study?

A

Nonvascular seedless bryophytes
Vascular seedless
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm

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14
Q

How many years ago did photosynthesis evolve in organisms?

A

3.4 bya

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15
Q

How did Earth look like 3.5 bya and why?

A

More like Mars because there was no oxygen in the air

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16
Q

In which organisms did photosynthesis emerge from?

A

Bacteria

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17
Q

True or false? O2 was toxic to most organisms 3.5 bya because of oxidization.

A

True

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18
Q

What is the chemical formula of photosynthesis?

A

6CO2+6H2O+E->C6H12O6+6O2

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19
Q

What are photo-autotrophs?

A

Organisms that use the energy from the sun to self feed

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20
Q

In what ways are cyanobacteria related to photosynthesis and plants?

A

They are the progenitors of the chloroplast and began to photosynthese.
They were the first to use chlorophyll to trap the energy of the sun
It was engulfed by a heterotroph and not digested and became chloroplast in plants

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21
Q

What is chloroplast?

A

An organelle in the cell where photosynthesis occurs

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22
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

A pigment that absorbs light energy (photons) in the blue and red portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to make sugars

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23
Q

Where is chlorophyll stored?

A

The thylakoid membrane

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24
Q

What is the thylakoid membrane?

A

A layer of membrane containing the chlorophyll

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25
What is an endosymbiont?
An organism that lives within another dissimilar organism. It was engulfed by a cell but not digested so it became an organelle instead pf a free-living cell
26
What is serial endosymbiosis?
The successive engulfing of two types of bacteria
27
True or false? Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to be descendants of bacteria
True
28
What does it mean for an endosymbiont to be transferred vertically?
It is transferred from parent to offspring during the cell cycle. The endosymbiont also divides
29
What does it mean when something is transferred horizontally?
The same bacteria comes close to another and transfers their DNA
30
How many membranes do chloroplast have and what is their names?
2 Outer membrane and inner plasma membrane
31
How can we deduce that the chloroplast came from cyanobacteria?
It has its own DNA and genome Some genes are created in the chloroplast The inner thylakoid membrane network The two membranes present
32
What is primary endosymbiosis?
When a heterotrophic cell engulfs a prokaryote only
33
What is secondary endosymbiosis?
The product of when an organism that has undergone primary endosymbiosis is engulfed by anither eukaryote
34
What does secondary or even tertiary endosymbiosis explain?
The fact that sometimes there are 3 or more membranes around some plastids
35
What is the matryoshka effect in relationship to endosymbiosis?
The theory that there is secondary or even tertiary symbiosis
36
What is obligate endosymbiosis?
When the host cell is dependent on the endosymbiont
37
What is opportunistic endosymbiosis?
When endosymbiosis is temporary
38
What is one of the outcomes of endosymbiosis?
Green algae
39
When did green algae first appear?
0.75 bya
40
What are the 7 barriers to transition of terrestrials life?
Desiccation Gas exchange Reproduction Buoyancy Temperature fluctuations More light Mineral nutrition
41
In relation to water, what is internal space?
The water storage
42
What is surface area in relation to water?
The primary area of water loss
43
What are the three problems related to desiccation?
Smaller organisms dry out faster Single cells cannot expand indefinitely They cannot be waterproof
44
Why do smaller organisms dry out faster?
Because they have a greater surface area compared to internal space
45
Why can’t single cells expand indefinitely?
Because it would make them vulnerable It is hard to give nutrients everywhere
46
Why can’t cells be waterproof?
They need passage of water and gasses inside and out
47
What does desiccation mean?
Drying out
48
What are the adaptations in land plant to avoid desiccation?
Epidermis Roots More extreme response
49
How is the epidermis used to avoid desiccation?
The multiple cell layers protect the plant Some have a layer of wax (cuticle)
50
How do the roots help prevent desiccation?
It directs water into the body
51
What is an example of an extreme adaptation in plants to avoid desiccation?
A plant can live with up to 3% of its water capacity. It is dead until it receives water
52
Why is gas exchange a problem for adaptation to living on land in organisms?
Gasses are absorbed differently in air and water
53
What is an adaptation that helps do gas exchange on land in plants?
The stomata
54
What does the stomata do?
It opens and closes to exchange gasses
55
Why is reproduction another problem for adaptation to live on land?
Aquatic organisms need water to facilitate reproduction The zoospores are motile and swim with their flagella in water. The gametes get entangled in the water
56
What are the adaptations to help with reproduction on land?
Spores (pollent) Seeds
57
What are seeds?
The product of reproduction in plants
58
What is buoyancy?
The ability to float
59
Why is buoyancy a problem when plants wanted to live on land?
The water and pressure supported the tissues but air does not Aquatic plants did not need a rigid stem since they had flotation devices
60
What are the adaptations to help plants with buoyancy?
Strong fibres Skeleton
61
What do woody tissues in a plant do?
Provide support and makes the plant be upright
62
Why are temperature fluctuations a problem for adaptation to living on land?
Speed and range of the fluctuations are greater on land
63
Why is temperature fluctuations not a problem in water?
The change is slow and small
64
What are some traits that helped plants survive the temperature fluctuations?
Stomata, multicellularity and musculature
65
Why is light and radiation not a problem in water?
Water filters out some wavelengths The chloroplast tend to be optimized to pick up a certain range of wavelengths of light (blue-green)of light
66
Why is UV nor good for cells?
It causes mutagenesis which leads to DNA mutations
67
What is an adaptation of land plants to counter the bad effects of UV radiations?
Pigments that absorb harmful UV rays
68
What are pigments?
Colourful chemical compounds that absorb light
69
Why do plants have a certain colour?
Because the light bounces off the pigment
70
What does sessile mean?
Immobile
71
Why is mineral nutrition a problem for adaptation on land?
Plants need minerals like Phosphorus for growth
72
Why is mineral nutrition not a problem in water?
Water contains dissolved minerals Organisms filter feed in water
73
True or false? There are sessile species other than plants on land?
False
74
What are the adaptations made by land plant to take in minerals?
Roots which take the minerals in the water underground Some plants take in the minerals from the air
75
Why did algae evolve into plants?
They were exposed to periods of drought
76
Into which two organisms did algae evolve into?
Liverworts and mosses
77
What happens along shorelines?
Shallow water ,ovement of water
78
Where are green algae found?
Along shorelines where the freshwater system meets the marine one

Organisms 1 (10 decks)

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