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Organisms 1 > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of an eukaryote?

A

Has a nucleus and membrane bound-organelles
Most DNA is in the nuclear membrane and organized in chromosome
The nucleus allows for gene regulation

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2
Q

What are the advantages for a cell to have a nucleus?

A

Higher level of organization
Transcription is done away from translation
It helps build proteun complexed

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3
Q

What are the viridiplantae?

A

Green algae and land plants

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4
Q

What are the three main features of plants?

A

Obtain energy from sunlight via photosynthesis
Being multicellular
Reproduces through alternation of generation

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5
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

Organisms that make their own food.

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6
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that feed on other organisms

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7
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

A complex pigment system to capture light energy which is stored in organic molecules using inorganic compounds

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8
Q

What are the advantages of multicellularity?

A

It allows differentiation of cells
It allows plants to expand without exposing only one cell (would make them vilnerable’

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9
Q

What are the two stages of alternating generations?

A

Haploid sexual
Diploid asexual

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10
Q

What are gemetophytes?

A

Multicellular haploid

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11
Q

What are sporophytes?

A

Multicellular diploid

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12
Q

True or false? The haploid phase of all plants are very long.

A

False

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13
Q

What are the four types of land plants we will study?

A

Nonvascular seedless bryophytes
Vascular seedless
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm

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14
Q

How many years ago did photosynthesis evolve in organisms?

A

3.4 bya

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15
Q

How did Earth look like 3.5 bya and why?

A

More like Mars because there was no oxygen in the air

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16
Q

In which organisms did photosynthesis emerge from?

A

Bacteria

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17
Q

True or false? O2 was toxic to most organisms 3.5 bya because of oxidization.

A

True

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18
Q

What is the chemical formula of photosynthesis?

A

6CO2+6H2O+E->C6H12O6+6O2

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19
Q

What are photo-autotrophs?

A

Organisms that use the energy from the sun to self feed

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20
Q

In what ways are cyanobacteria related to photosynthesis and plants?

A

They are the progenitors of the chloroplast and began to photosynthese.
They were the first to use chlorophyll to trap the energy of the sun
It was engulfed by a heterotroph and not digested and became chloroplast in plants

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21
Q

What is chloroplast?

A

An organelle in the cell where photosynthesis occurs

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22
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

A pigment that absorbs light energy (photons) in the blue and red portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to make sugars

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23
Q

Where is chlorophyll stored?

A

The thylakoid membrane

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24
Q

What is the thylakoid membrane?

A

A layer of membrane containing the chlorophyll

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25
Q

What is an endosymbiont?

A

An organism that lives within another dissimilar organism. It was engulfed by a cell but not digested so it became an organelle instead pf a free-living cell

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26
Q

What is serial endosymbiosis?

A

The successive engulfing of two types of bacteria

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27
Q

True or false? Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to be descendants of bacteria

A

True

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28
Q

What does it mean for an endosymbiont to be transferred vertically?

A

It is transferred from parent to offspring during the cell cycle. The endosymbiont also divides

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29
Q

What does it mean when something is transferred horizontally?

A

The same bacteria comes close to another and transfers their DNA

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30
Q

How many membranes do chloroplast have and what is their names?

A

2
Outer membrane and inner plasma membrane

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31
Q

How can we deduce that the chloroplast came from cyanobacteria?

A

It has its own DNA and genome
Some genes are created in the chloroplast
The inner thylakoid membrane network
The two membranes present

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32
Q

What is primary endosymbiosis?

A

When a heterotrophic cell engulfs a prokaryote only

33
Q

What is secondary endosymbiosis?

A

The product of when an organism that has undergone primary endosymbiosis is engulfed by anither eukaryote

34
Q

What does secondary or even tertiary endosymbiosis explain?

A

The fact that sometimes there are 3 or more membranes around some plastids

35
Q

What is the matryoshka effect in relationship to endosymbiosis?

A

The theory that there is secondary or even tertiary symbiosis

36
Q

What is obligate endosymbiosis?

A

When the host cell is dependent on the endosymbiont

37
Q

What is opportunistic endosymbiosis?

A

When endosymbiosis is temporary

38
Q

What is one of the outcomes of endosymbiosis?

A

Green algae

39
Q

When did green algae first appear?

A

0.75 bya

40
Q

What are the 7 barriers to transition of terrestrials life?

A

Desiccation
Gas exchange
Reproduction
Buoyancy
Temperature fluctuations
More light
Mineral nutrition

41
Q

In relation to water, what is internal space?

A

The water storage

42
Q

What is surface area in relation to water?

A

The primary area of water loss

43
Q

What are the three problems related to desiccation?

A

Smaller organisms dry out faster
Single cells cannot expand indefinitely
They cannot be waterproof

44
Q

Why do smaller organisms dry out faster?

A

Because they have a greater surface area compared to internal space

45
Q

Why can’t single cells expand indefinitely?

A

Because it would make them vulnerable
It is hard to give nutrients everywhere

46
Q

Why can’t cells be waterproof?

A

They need passage of water and gasses inside and out

47
Q

What does desiccation mean?

A

Drying out

48
Q

What are the adaptations in land plant to avoid desiccation?

A

Epidermis
Roots
More extreme response

49
Q

How is the epidermis used to avoid desiccation?

A

The multiple cell layers protect the plant
Some have a layer of wax (cuticle)

50
Q

How do the roots help prevent desiccation?

A

It directs water into the body

51
Q

What is an example of an extreme adaptation in plants to avoid desiccation?

A

A plant can live with up to 3% of its water capacity. It is dead until it receives water

52
Q

Why is gas exchange a problem for adaptation to living on land in organisms?

A

Gasses are absorbed differently in air and water

53
Q

What is an adaptation that helps do gas exchange on land in plants?

A

The stomata

54
Q

What does the stomata do?

A

It opens and closes to exchange gasses

55
Q

Why is reproduction another problem for adaptation to live on land?

A

Aquatic organisms need water to facilitate reproduction
The zoospores are motile and swim with their flagella in water. The gametes get entangled in the water

56
Q

What are the adaptations to help with reproduction on land?

A

Spores (pollent)
Seeds

57
Q

What are seeds?

A

The product of reproduction in plants

58
Q

What is buoyancy?

A

The ability to float

59
Q

Why is buoyancy a problem when plants wanted to live on land?

A

The water and pressure supported the tissues but air does not
Aquatic plants did not need a rigid stem since they had flotation devices

60
Q

What are the adaptations to help plants with buoyancy?

A

Strong fibres
Skeleton

61
Q

What do woody tissues in a plant do?

A

Provide support and makes the plant be upright

62
Q

Why are temperature fluctuations a problem for adaptation to living on land?

A

Speed and range of the fluctuations are greater on land

63
Q

Why is temperature fluctuations not a problem in water?

A

The change is slow and small

64
Q

What are some traits that helped plants survive the temperature fluctuations?

A

Stomata, multicellularity and musculature

65
Q

Why is light and radiation not a problem in water?

A

Water filters out some wavelengths
The chloroplast tend to be optimized to pick up a certain range of wavelengths of light (blue-green)of light

66
Q

Why is UV nor good for cells?

A

It causes mutagenesis which leads to DNA mutations

67
Q

What is an adaptation of land plants to counter the bad effects of UV radiations?

A

Pigments that absorb harmful UV rays

68
Q

What are pigments?

A

Colourful chemical compounds that absorb light

69
Q

Why do plants have a certain colour?

A

Because the light bounces off the pigment

70
Q

What does sessile mean?

A

Immobile

71
Q

Why is mineral nutrition a problem for adaptation on land?

A

Plants need minerals like Phosphorus for growth

72
Q

Why is mineral nutrition not a problem in water?

A

Water contains dissolved minerals
Organisms filter feed in water

73
Q

True or false? There are sessile species other than plants on land?

A

False

74
Q

What are the adaptations made by land plant to take in minerals?

A

Roots which take the minerals in the water underground
Some plants take in the minerals from the air

75
Q

Why did algae evolve into plants?

A

They were exposed to periods of drought

76
Q

Into which two organisms did algae evolve into?

A

Liverworts and mosses

77
Q

What happens along shorelines?

A

Shallow water
,ovement of water

78
Q

Where are green algae found?

A

Along shorelines where the freshwater system meets the marine one

Organisms 1 (10 decks)

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