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Organisms 1 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the sun make possible?

A

Capture of light energy which us turned into chemical energy
Photosynthesis (pretty much all plant energy derived from this)

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2
Q

What would happen without photosynthesis?

A

Life would crash because of entropy

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3
Q

How many billions of metric tons of sugar are created by plants per year?

A

280

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4
Q

How does energy flow in the biosphere work?

A

Radiant energy from nuclear fusion of sun gets captured by chloroplasts, which uses H2O and CO2 to make carbohydrates and oxygen (a by-product).
Mitochondria dies cellular respiration and breakdowns the carbohydrate to release chemical energy (ATP) and make CO2 and H2O

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5
Q

What is entropy?

A

The measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit of temperature that is available to do something not useful

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6
Q

What happens in term of entropy when sugar is made?

A

Less (more order and less chaos)
Higher free energy

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7
Q

When sugar is consumed, what happens in term of entropy?

A

Lower free energy so increase entropy

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8
Q

Why do we say that energy flow is unidirectional?

A

With each transformation, some energy is lost to the environment

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9
Q

What would happen if the sun stopped shining tomorrow and why?

A

The world would crash and life wouldn’t exist.
Energy production is essential for life and constant input is required

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10
Q

What is the first intermediate of photosynthesis and what does it need to happen?

A

Triose sugar (3 carbon)
Needs energy from 6 H2O to convert 3 molecules of CO2

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11
Q

What is the end product of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose (6 carbon)

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12
Q

What do plant produce during photosynthesis and how many cycles do C3 plants do?

A

CH2O
3 cycles

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13
Q

What is anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A

Instead of stripping electrons off water, they use H sulphide as a substrate and produce globules of sulphur.

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14
Q

How was the Earth and atmosphere like before photosynthesis?

A

All energy on the planet was essentially conserved
Atmosphere mostly nitrogen (no O2)

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15
Q

What is an example of a type of living being that uses anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A

Purple sulfur bacteria

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16
Q

What were some consequences of photosynthesis?

A

Solar energy was its new endless supply
Oxygen produced as a by-product
Allowed for creation of biomass

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17
Q

When was the Great oxidation?

A

2.4 billion years ago

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18
Q

What are chemoautotrophs?

A

Obtain energy from oxidation of electron donors
Uses Fe2+ as an electron donor and radiant energy to assimilate CO2 into biomass
From Fe2+ to Fe3+

19
Q

What is an example of chemotroph?

A

Iron-oxidizing bacteria

20
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

They have homologous genes and two conjugate bacteria give their genes.
It spread its capability to distant bacterial lineage

21
Q

Explain the visible light spectrum.

A

Spectrum of colours from violet (shortest wavelength) to red (biggest wavelength)
Small part of the electromagnetic spectrum
All radiation travels in waves
The shorter the rays, the more energy there is.
Violet rays have twice the energy of red rays

22
Q

What are wavelengths?

A

Distance from one crest to the next

23
Q

Explain the photoelectric effect.

A

Light energy dislodges electrons from metal atoms
The wnergy of a photon is inversely proportional to the wavelength
It is part of particle theory of light

24
Q

Why do we see color in plants?

A

Its is the wavelength that is reflected so not absorbed by the pigment

25
Q

What do we consider to be the colors absorbed by plants?

A

Light energy being captured by the plant systems

26
Q

What is a pigment and give an example.

A

Substance that absorb.
It has an absorption spectrum
Example: chlorophyll (absorbs violet/blue and red)

27
Q

What is an action spectrum?

A

The effectiveness of different wavelengths for a specific process

28
Q

What happens when pigments absorb light?

A

Electrons are boosted to a higher energy level aka excited state and release energy

29
Q

What are the three ways pigments can release energy and explain a little.

A

Heat and fluorescence
Resonance energy transfer (energy transferred from one molecule to the next)
Electron transport chain (high-energy electron transferred to electron acceptor. Oxidation of chlorophyll molecule. Is the most efficient method)

30
Q

What are the four major components of photosynthesis?

A

Photosystem I
Photosystem II
Cytochrome b6/f complex
ATP synthase

31
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light-dependent
Carbon fixation

32
Q

What happens to water during photosynthesis?

A

Oxidized (donates electron)

33
Q

What happens to carbon during photosynthesis?

A

Reduced (gains electrons)

34
Q

What is light energy used to form?

A

ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
NAD+ reduced to NADPH using electrons from the splitting water

35
Q

What is ATP?

A

A form of energy

36
Q

What is NADPH?

A

Reducing agent that provides energy for biosynthesis

37
Q

What is ATP and NADPH used for?

A

Cashed in to fix carbon to store it in the form of inorganic molecules

38
Q

What is the similarity and difference between carotenoid and phycobilin?

A

Both pair up with chlorophyll
Carotenoids is in the blue/green range while phycobilin is in the red to green range

39
Q

Why do plants have more then one pigment?

A

Allow complementary roles
Modulate over seasons
Each class of carotenoid is nade of many seperate pigments

40
Q

Explain phycobiliproteins.

A

Found in cyanobacteria and red algae
Can absorb red, orange, yellow and green light
Transfers energy to chlorophyll
Water-soluble protein
Protein bound to a pigment (chomophore) phycobilin
Necessary for organisms in deeper marine environments
Accessory pigment

41
Q

What are the two types of carotenoids?

A

Carotene and xantophyll

42
Q

Explain carotenoids.

A

Can only be produced by plants
Beta-carotene is source of vitamin A
Absorbs UV, violet and blue/green
Protect chlorophyll from photodamage
Only visible when chlorophyll absent in leaves
Lipid-soluble pigments
Appears red, orange or yellow
Found in chloroplast and Cyanobacteria
Accessory pigment
Transfers energy to chlorophyll a

43
Q

Explain chlorophyll a.

A

Occurs in all photosynthetic eukaryotes and Cyanobacteria
Essential for photosynthesis
Primary pigment

44
Q

Explain chlorophyll b.

A

Present in plants and green algae
Slightly different spectrum then chlorophyll a
Accessory pigment
Transfers energy to chlorophyll a by resonance energy transfer

Organisms 1 (10 decks)

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