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Organisms 1 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the light reactions happening in plants?

A

Chloroplast
Thylakoid membranes in particular

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2
Q

What is the granum?

A

Stacks of thylakoid

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3
Q

What does the granum do?

A

Split water
Formation of ATPA and NADPH

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4
Q

What is the lumen?

A

The inside of the thylokoid

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5
Q

What is the stroma?

A

What is outside of the thylakoid membrane

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6
Q

Where can we find more photosystem IIs

A

In the granum

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7
Q

Where can we find more ATP synthase?

A

In the stroma

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8
Q

Where is the energy lost during photosynthesis going?

A

Heat
Fluorescence
Light in another wavelength
Resonance energy transfer

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9
Q

What are photsystems?

A

Discrete units that carries 250-400 pigments which absorb light for photosynthesis

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10
Q

What is an antenna complex?

A

Where the light is captured

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11
Q

What is the reaction centre?

A

The centre where the reactions happen of a photosystem

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12
Q

Where are the pigment molecules?

A

Embedded in thylakoid and associated with protein

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13
Q

How does the reception of light in photosystems work?

A

There is loss of electron which the pigments get and pass to each other until they reach the special chlorophyll a pigment by resonance energy transfer.

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14
Q

What is a light-harvesting complex?

A

Photosystem/funnel without a reaction centre that surrounds each photosystems.

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15
Q

What is the photosystem complex?

A

Photosystems and light-harvesting complexes

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16
Q

How does the reaction centre work?

A

The chlorophyll a molecule absorbs energy
One electron is boosted to a higher level
The electron is transfered to an electron acceptor which initiates energy flow
(Oxidization of chlorophyll a and reduction of electron acceptor)

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17
Q

What are the two photosystems linked by?

A

Electron transport chain

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18
Q

What is the optimal wavelength for photosystem I?

A

700

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19
Q

What is the optimal wavelength for photosystem II?

A

680

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20
Q

Where is the photosystem I mostly located?

A

In the stroma and the periphery of the stacks of thylakoid

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21
Q

What is the first electron acceptor in photosystem 2?

A

Pheophytin

22
Q

What is PQa?

A

Plastoquinone tightly bound to the reaction centre that passes electron to the next unit

23
Q

What is PQb?

A

Plastoquinone which also picks up two protons from the stroma. It passes two electrons and two protons to Cyt b6/f cinplex

24
Q

What is PQb reduced to during the electron transport chain in photosystem 2?

A

Plastoquinol (PQbH2)

25
Q

What is the order of the electron transport chain of photosystem 2?

A

P680 to phoephytin to PQa to PQb to Cyt b6/f complex

26
Q

In the electron transport chain of photosystem 2, what part has the highest energy level?

A

P680 (it lessens as the electron goes down the chain)

27
Q

What are the two parts of plastoquinone? Also, explain a bit.

A

Benzoquinone (which takes the electron)
Isoprenyl (hydrophobic to be able to anchor to lipid bilayer)

28
Q

What is pheophytin?

A

A modified chlorophyll a molecule where the magnesium is replaced by two protons.

29
Q

How is the flow of the electrons through the system of photosystem 2?

A

Constant directional (non-cyclical)

30
Q

What is water photolysis?

A

Water being split by photons

31
Q

Where can we find the Mn4O5Ca cluster?

A

At the base of the photosystem facing the thylakoid lumen

32
Q

How many photons are required to split two water molecules?

A

4

33
Q

What is Mn4O5Ca?

A

Cluster (intricate network) of manganese, oxygen and calcium ions that strip electrons of of water and are embedded in the photosystem 2 protein complex

34
Q

How does water oxidization in photosystem 2 work?

A

Water is split
Two electrons are split and passed to the complex (will be used for NADPH)
It replaces the electrons lost by P680

35
Q

What is P 680

A

Reaction centre of photosystem 2. A chlorophyll a that absorbs light energy and excites electrons

36
Q

What happens in the cytochrome b6/f complex?

A

2 electrons are donated (one at a time)
2 protons are funneled into the lumen
2nd way proton gradient is built
The reduced cytochrome f donates electrons to plasticyanin

37
Q

What is phylloquinone?

A

Similar to Plastoquinone (has O to take in electrons and big hydrophobic tail)

38
Q

What is the primary electron acceptor in photosystem 1?

A

A0

39
Q

How are electrons passed down in photosystem 1?

A

Downhill on the stromal, side of the membrane

40
Q

What is NADP+ catalyzed by?

A

FNR

41
Q

What happens in photosystem 1?

A

Reduction of NADP+
Oxidation of P700
Noncyclic photophosphorylation
Sometimes cyclic photophosphorylation

42
Q

How does cyclic photophosphorylation work and what does it give?

A

Electrons excited at photosystem 1 by P700
They pass through the cascade to the cytochrome complex to plastocyanin back to photosystem 1
Protons are pumped into the lumen
It drives ATP synthesis
It is necessary for carbon fixation and does a ration of 3 ATP to 2 NADPH

43
Q

When does cyclic photophosphorylation happen?

A

When there is too much light

44
Q

What is the order of the electron transport chain of photosystem 1?

A

P700
Modified chlorophyll a (A0)
Phylloquinone
Iron-sulfur protein
Ferrodoxin

45
Q

What is Ferrodoxin?

A

Mobile iron-sulfur protein

46
Q

What happens when both photosystem 1 and 2 work simultaneously together?

A

Photosystem 2 supplies electrons continuously for photosystem 1
They need a balance of emergy at the reaction center
It give 6 electrons per turn
Produces 6 ATP and 6 NADPH

Non-cyclic electron flow
Noncyclic photophosphorylation

47
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

Light dependent reactions that turn ADP to ATP

48
Q

When are protons released into the thylakoid lumen by the ATP synthase complex?

A

During oxidation of water
Via cytochrome b6/f complex

49
Q

What does the fact that protons are released into the thylakoid lumen generate?

A

An electron proton gradient of the lumen and stroma

50
Q

What happens in the ATP synthase complex?

A

Flow of protons through ATP synthase
Potential energy gradient
Chemiosmotic coupling

51
Q

What is chemiosmotic coupling?

A

Osmosis coupled with chemical reactions

Organisms 1 (10 decks)

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