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BIO1080 - Second Half of The Semester > Lesson 14 And 15- The Local Support And Defense System > Flashcards

Lesson 14 And 15- The Local Support And Defense System Flashcards

1
Q

First Line of Defense

A

Nonspecific physical and chemical surface behaviours

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2
Q

Second Line of Defense

A

Nonspecific internal cellular and chemical defense

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3
Q

What is the first and second line of defense also known as

A

Innate Immune System (for foreign substances)

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4
Q

Third Line of Defense

A

Specific Defense - Immune Response

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5
Q

What is the third line of defense also known as

A

The adaptive immune system (exposed to something new then antibodies are developed)

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6
Q

First line of defense examples

A

External Physical Barriers
- Tears
- Skin
- Bladder
- Stomach
- Saliva
- Respiratory Tract
- Large Intestine

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7
Q

Second Line of Defense - Defensive Cells (Examples and Function)

A

Examples
- Phagocytic cells such as macrophages
- Natural Killer cells
Function
- Engulf invading organisms
- Kill Parasites
- Kill invading organisms and cancer cells

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8
Q

Second Line of Defense - Defensive Proteins (Examples and Function)

A

Examples
- Interferons
- Complement System
Function
- Slow the Spread of Viruses in the Body
- Stimulates histamine Release
- Promotes phagocytosis
- Kills Bacteria
- Enhances Inflamation

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9
Q

Second Line of Defense - Inflammation (Examples and Function)

A

Example
- Widening of blood vessels and increased capillary permeability
Function
- Brings in defensive cells and speeds healing

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10
Q

Second Line of Defense - Fever (Examples and Function)

A

Example
- Abnormally high body temperature
Function
- Slows the growth of bacteria
- Speeds up body defenses

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11
Q

(Second Line of Defense) Cell-Based Defense - Destruction by Phagocytosis

A
  • Phagocytes
  • Non-phagocytes
  • Macrophage
  • Natural Killer Cell
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12
Q

Macrophage

A

Pseudopod about to engulf a bacterium

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13
Q

Natural Killer Cell

A

Attacking a cancer cell

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14
Q

Phagocytes - Neutrophils and Macrophages

A

Neutrophils: First on scene and consume bacteria
Macrophages: Consume almost anything

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15
Q

Non-Phagocytes

A

Target pathogens and invade organisms that are too large for phagocytosis

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16
Q

Non-phagocytes - Eosinophils and Natural Killer Cells

A

Eosinophils: Discharge enzymes that digest a non-self target
Natural Killer Cells: Constantly circulate for non-self and release perforin (holes in membrane) and proteases to destroy cells

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17
Q

(Second Line of Defense) Protein-Based Defense - Complement System

A
  • 20+ proteins synthesized in the liver (inactive)
  • Deactivates by blood proteins and surface of body’s own cells
  • Promotes antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from the body
  • Promotes inflammation and attacks the pathogen’s cell membrane
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18
Q

What 2 things can activate the complement system

A
  1. Polysaccharides on bacteria surface OR
  2. Antigen/Antibody complexes
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19
Q

(Second Line of Defense) Defensive Process - Inflammation

A

4 signs
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Pain

20
Q

Strategy to treat inflamed area

A

RICE - not always the best as it can prevent the body from healing

21
Q

2 Steps to how the complement system responds to inflammation

A
  1. Complement destroys bacteria
  2. Phagocytes engulf bacteria
22
Q

Acute Inflammation

A
  • Bruises
  • Torn tissue
  • delayed onset muscle soreness
23
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A
  • Arthritis
  • Obesity
24
Q

(Second Line of Defense) Defense Processes - Fever

A

Body raises temperature to kill off bacteria
- this is good for immune systems
- can be benificial not to give medication that will suppress the fever as it counteracts effects

25
Q

Parenchymal Cells

A
  • The critical ‘functional’ portion of the tissue
  • Usually the most prominent cell type in terms of mass
26
Q

Parenchymal Cell Examples

A
  • Liver cells
  • Skeletal Muscle cells
  • Heart cells
  • Brains cells
  • Adipose tissue cells
  • Pancreas cells
27
Q

Stromal Cells

A
  • Support the Parenchymal cells forming the LSDS
28
Q

Examples of Stromal Cells

A
  • Neurons
  • Astrocytes
  • Cepillary Endothelial Cells
  • Lymphoid cells
  • Bone cells
  • Fibroblasts
  • Stem cells
  • Gap junctions
29
Q

Pancreas - Exocrine function

A

Digestion

30
Q

Pancreas - Endocrine Function

A

Releases Insulin

31
Q

Other functions of the LSDS

A
  • Always on
  • Local tissue damage by processes that are not due to infectious pathogens
  • Normal Tissue Turnover (cell death and tissue repair during healing)
  • Looks out for appearance of transformed cell populations (cancer)
32
Q

Migration and Memory in the LSDS (Adaptive Immune Response)

A
  • After exposure once, body can trigger response during next exposure
33
Q

MHC (Major histocompatibility complex)

A
  • proteins expressed on the surface of a cell
  • Used in recognition of pathogens (attack), immune responses but also ‘self’ (support)
34
Q

Support Cells

A

A self MHC marker label’s the body’s cells as ‘self’

35
Q

Attack cells

A

An antigen is a molecule, on the surface of a pathogen that the immune system recognizes as ‘non-self’

36
Q

3 Attack Steps

A
  1. Threat: invader enters the body
  2. Detection: macrophages encounters, engulfs and digests the invader
  3. Alert: The macrophage presents to a helper T cell and secretes a chemical that activates the helper T cell
37
Q

Two signals that activate the helper T cell

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Verification
    (To be sure it’s responding to non-self)
38
Q

B cell Route of Attack

A

First Steps 1-3
4. Alarm: antibody mediated response
5. Building Specific Defences: Cell devides - amplification
6. Defense: Secretion and targeting - amplification

39
Q

COVID-19 Vaccines and Antibodies

A

Body develops antibodies to recognize and develop an immune response

40
Q

T cell Route of Attack

A

(Steps 1-3)
4. Alarm: Cell mediated response activated
5. Building specific defences: Cell devides - amplification
6. Defense: cells injected with intra cellular pathogen
OR
7. Continued surveillance: Memory cells remain and provide a quick response to the antigen in a future encounter

41
Q

Where are memory cells stored

A

Bone Marrow of Thymus

42
Q

Which Response is more robust (first or second)

A

Second - uses memory
(The first has to go through all the steps)

43
Q

T suppressor cells

A
  • Supress the activation of the immune system
  • important in allowing tolerance to self antigens
44
Q

What does too little t suppressor response mean

A
  • autoimmune diseases
  • allergies
  • graft rejection
  • inflammatory bowl disease
45
Q

What does too much t suppressor response mean

A

Cancer and increased incidence of infection diseases

BIO1080 - Second Half of The Semester (7 decks)

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