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Clinical Bacteriology > Lesson 13 > Flashcards

Lesson 13 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of diesease

A

Pathology

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2
Q

The study of the cause of the diesease

A

Etiology

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3
Q

The development of diesease

A

Pathogenesis

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4
Q

Colonization of the body by pathogens

A

Infection

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5
Q

Abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

A

Disease

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6
Q

Microorganism benefits while host
is not harmed

A

Commensalism

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7
Q

Microorganism and Host benefit from one another

A

Mutualism

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8
Q

Microorganism benefits while the host is harmed

A

Parasitism

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9
Q

Microorganisms commonly found on or in healthy persons

A

Indigenous Flora

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10
Q

Microorganisms that colonize
an area for months or years

A

Resident Flora

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11
Q

Microorganisms temporarily
colonizing a host

A

Transient Flora

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12
Q

Condition of hosts capable of
transmitting the infection

A

Carrier State

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13
Q

Generally superficial organisms

A

Skin Microbiota

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14
Q

■ Colonize skin surface
■ Prevent pathogens from colonizing

A

Normal Flora

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15
Q

– Low Oxidation Reduction Potential
(Anaerobes grow)
– Buccal mucosa and tooth surface
■ Production of Acids by Microorganisms
(Tooth Decay)
– Bacterial plaque may develop on teeth

A

Mouth Microbiota

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16
Q

Sterile Genitourinary Sites

A

Kidneys
Bladders
Fallopian Tubes

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17
Q

Non-sterile Genitourinary Tract Sites

A

Vagina
Distal centimeter of the Urethra

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18
Q

– Cause disease when habitat is changed
– May occur due to weakened immune system

A

Opportunistic Infection

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19
Q

– Chemotherapy
– Immunosuppressive Drugs
– Radiation
– Immune defects

A

Immunosuppression

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20
Q

Competition between
microbes.

A

Microbial Antagonism

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21
Q

Live microbes applied to or ingested
into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect.

A

Probiotics

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22
Q

Microbial flora block colonization of
extraneous pathogens

A

Microenvironment

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23
Q

Ability of an organism to produce disease

A

Pathogenicity

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24
Q

– Usually do not cause infection
– special circumstances

A

Opportunistic Pathogens

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25
Q

– Organisms that cause disease in healthy hosts

A

True Pathogens

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26
Q

– Occur from medical treatment or procedures

A

Iatrogenic Infection

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27
Q

Ability to penetrate and grow in
tissues

A

Invasion

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28
Q

A disease that is not
transmitted from one host to another

A

Noncommunicable disease

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29
Q

A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease

A

Symptom

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30
Q

A change in a body that can be measured or observed
as a result of disease.

A

Sign

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31
Q

A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

A

Syndrome

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32
Q

A disease that is spread from one
host to another.

A

Communicable Disease

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33
Q

A disease that is easily spread from
one host to another

A

Contagious Disease

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34
Q

Major role in clearing bacterial infection

A

Phagocytosis

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35
Q

Traits that determine pathogenicity and virulence

A

Virulence Factor

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36
Q

Poisonous substances secreted by organisms

A

Toxins

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37
Q

Secreted by the organism into extracellular environment or are released on lysis of the organism

A

Exotoxins

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38
Q

Composed of LPS portion of the outer membrane of G- bacteria

A

Endotoxins

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39
Q

Engulfing cells

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages

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40
Q

– Chemical caused
movement to a location
– Necessary to mobilize
phagocytes to infection

A

Chemotaxis

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41
Q

Movement from blood vessels to tissues

A

Diapedesis

42
Q

Preferred systemic response to bacterial infection
■ Elevated body temperature induced either by pathogen molecules or by body molecules produced
in response to pathogen molecules
■ Results in temperatures that inhibit microbes while enhancing body defenses

43
Q

– Complex mechanism that allows the
body to protect itself from foreign
invaders
– The mechanism is the Immune
system

44
Q

– Natural or nonspecific immunity
■
Physical barriers
■
Chemical barriers
■
Phagocytosis
■
Complement

A

Innate Immunity

45
Q

– Antibodies
– Lymphocytes
■
B cells
■
T cells
–
T helper
–
Cytotoxic

A

Adaptive or Specific Immunity

46
Q

Molecules that are potentially recognized
by adaptive immune system molecules
■ Recognition: Binding between the antigen
and the immune system molecule (Like
Immunogen and an Antibody)
■ Antigen within its “self” environment will
not normally elicit an immune response

47
Q

Antigens found in “non-self” environment:

48
Q

■
Aided by T Helper cells
■
Plasma cells: Secrete Antibodies

49
Q
  • Monomer (70%-75%)
    –
    Opsonizing antibody, crosses
    placenta
50
Q

– Pentamer (10%-15%)
–
Complement fixation
–
First antibody produced

51
Q

– Dimer (15%-20%)
–
Secreted at mucous membranes

52
Q
  • receptor bound (Very low
    concentration)
    –
    Role in clearance of parasites and
    allergies
53
Q
  • surface bound (Very low
    concentration)
    –
    Role in signaling of B cell receptors
54
Q

– Rapid appearance of IgM
– Peak in 1-2 weeks followed by
gradual decline
■ Gradual change over to IgG or IgA
antibodies
■ IgG levels remain elevated for
months, then slowly decline (often
remains low but detectable for
years)

A

Primary Antibody Response

55
Q

– Rapid increase in IgG antibodies
■ Higher levels of IgG with prolonged
elevation (More gradual decline)
■ Higher specificity
– Somatic hypermutation
■ IgM plays a minor role

A

Secondary Antibody Response

56
Q

Secondary Antibody Response is also known as?

A

Anamnestic Immune Response

57
Q

Mechanisms by which microbes may overcome the host defenses

A

■ Induce immune tolerance
– Not recognized as foreign
■ Immune suppression
– Actively destroy, inactivate, or limit the effect of the immune response
■ Antigenic variation
■ Intracellular “hiding

58
Q

Routes of Transmission and Exit

A

– Airborne
– Transmission by food
and water
– Close contact
■ Direct contact
– Cuts and bites (nonarthropod)
■ Wounds
– Arthropods
■ Bites of insects
– Zoonoses
■ Contact with
animals

59
Q

Infection where the disease is transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans

60
Q

Dead end host of organism

61
Q

Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time

62
Q

Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time

A

Prevalence

63
Q

Disease that occurs occasionally in a population

A

Sporadic Disease

64
Q

Disease constantly present in a population

A

Endemic Disease

65
Q

Disease acquired by many hosts in each area in a short time

A

Epidemic Disease

66
Q

Worldwide epidemic

67
Q

Immunity in most of a population.

A

Herd Immunity

68
Q

Occurs when the infection does not arise by transmission from host
to host
– You cannot catch the disease from an infected person.
– Examples:
■ Staphylococcus food poisoning, Clostridium botulinum food poisoning
■ Normal Flora (E.g., Staphylococcus aureus wound infection
■ Environmental Sources (Legionella, Clostridium tetani)

A

Non-communicable Disease

69
Q

Disease with a period of no symptoms when the patient is inactive

A

Latent Disease

70
Q

Symptoms between acute and chronic

A

Subacute Disease

71
Q

Symptoms develop rapidly

A

Acute Disease

72
Q

Symptoms develop slowly

A

Chronic Disease

73
Q

Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body.

A

Local Infection

74
Q

An infection throughout the body

A

Systemic Infection

75
Q

Systemic infection that began as a local infection

A

Focal Infection

76
Q

Bacteria in the blood

A

Bacteremia

77
Q

Growth of bacteria in the blood

A

Septicemia

78
Q

Viruses in the blood

79
Q

Toxins in the blood

80
Q

No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection

A

Subclinical Disease

81
Q

Acute infection that causes the initial illness

A

Primary Infection

82
Q

Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection.

A

Secondary Infection

83
Q

■ Make the body more susceptible to disease

A

Predisposing Factors

84
Q

Natural location of the organism. Can be animate or inanimate location

85
Q

Immediate location from which the
infecting organism has been transmitted.

86
Q

Hosts that harbor a pathogen without clinical symptoms and transmit the infection, often unknowingly

87
Q

Two types of Transmission

A

Vertical and Horizontal

88
Q

Direct personal contact is a major transmission route for the spread of
infections in hospitals and other health care facilities
–
Nosocomial infections: Noso (disease), komeion (To take care of)
–
Other forms of direct contact:
■
Sexual Transmission (Herpes, Syphilis, HIV)
■
Skin to Skin Transmission (Scabies, staphylococci)

A

Horizontal

89
Q

■
From mother to child in utero or in breast milk

90
Q

– Sneezing and Coughing à fine spray from one host to the respiratory passages of a second host
– Occur when microorganisms remain suspended in air or dust particles, carried by air currents
– Occur in crowded rooms (Tuberculosis, Influenza)

91
Q

– Source projects particle droplets containing infectious agents, from coughing, sneezing, or respiratory equipment.
– Occurs in the same room, a short distance
from the source directly to the new host

92
Q

Transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food, water)
– Contaminated showers, baths, pools, medications
(Pseudomonas, Legionella)
– Food (Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7)
– Water (Cholera, Cryptosporidium, Polio)

A

Vehicle Transmission

93
Q

Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes
– Biological/Inanimate source that aids in the
transmission of infection from one host to another
– Mediated by a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate
sources

94
Q

Pathogen reproduces in vector

A

Biological

95
Q

Arthropod carries pathogen on feet

A

Mechanical

96
Q

Incidence of a specific notifiable disease

97
Q

Deaths from notifiable diseases

98
Q

Number of people affected in relation to the total population in each time period

A

Morbidity Rate

99
Q

Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in each time

A

Mortality Rate

100
Q

■ Nosocomial
(Hospitalacquired)
Infections
– Acquired as
a result of a
hospital
stay
– 5-15% of
all hospital
patients
acquire
nosocomial
infections

A

Horizontal

Clinical Bacteriology (9 decks)

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