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Clinical Bacteriology > Lesson 11 > Flashcards

Lesson 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Lowest
concentration of a drug that inhibits bacterial growth

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

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2
Q

Ratio of the toxic dose to the
therapeutic dose (Higher TI = Higher Effectivity

A

Therapeutic Index

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3
Q

Lowest concentration of a drug that kills bacterial growth

A

Minimum Lethal Concentration (MLC)

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4
Q

DNA Elements that encode transposition and excision functions

A

Transposons

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5
Q

Enzymes that mediate
peptidoglycan cross-linking

A

Penicillin-binding proteins

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6
Q

Genetic elements capable of integrating genes

A

Integrons

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7
Q

Chemical substances produced by a microorganism with the capacity to inhibit other microorganisms (bacteriostatic) or destroy/kill the organisms (bactericidal)

A

Antimicrobials

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8
Q

Agents that kill bacterial cells

A

Bacteriocidal

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9
Q

Agents that inhibit bacterial growth

A

Bacteriostatic

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10
Q

Naturally found in bacteria
(chromosomal)

A

Intrinsic Resistance

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11
Q

Acquired from exogenous DNA
(Plasmid or through conjugation

A

Extrinsic Resistance

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12
Q

-He knew Arsenic can kill syphillis organism but is toxic to humans
-Systematically tried combinations of Arsenic with organics

A

Paul Ehrlich

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13
Q

He coined the term “Selective Toxicity”

A

Paul Ehrlich

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14
Q

He created Prontosil:
Effective against infections in animals despite a lack of activity in the test tube

A

Gerhardt Domagk

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15
Q

Introduced into field hospitals during WWII and saved countless lives from surgical wound infections

A

Sulfa Drugs

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16
Q

He discovered Penicillin

A

Sir Alexander Fleming

17
Q

o Work only on gram-positives (cannot penetrate
the outer cell membrane)
o Exception: Doripenem, carbapenem
Used to treat gram-positive and gramnegative bacillus
(including Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

A

Narrow Spectrum

18
Q

Work on a broad variety of bacteria (can penetrate the outer membrane)

A

Broad Spectrum

19
Q

Produced by bacteria or fungi

A

Natural Drugs

20
Q

Chemically modified natural drugs with added extra chemical groups

A

Semisynthetic Drugs

21
Q

Chemically produced drugs

A

Synthetic Drugs

22
Q

Basic Structure of Penicillin

A

Aminopenicillanic Acid

23
Q

o Closely related to Penicillin
o Have a beta lactam ring as part of the basic structure

A

Cephalosporins

24
Q

Binds to and inhibits the
transpeptidases (Known as Penicillinbinding proteins, PBPs)

A

B-Lactam Ring

25
Q

o Examples: Vancomycin, Teicoplanin
o Blocks the Transpeptidation step
o Narrow spectrum antibiotic
o Useful for staphylococci, streptococci, and
enterococci
o Vancomycin
Does not bind to PBP but to the DAlanyl-D-Alanine termini of
Peptidoglycan precursors.
Interference with elongation and
cross-linking of the Peptidoglycan
weakens the cell wall and the
organisms lyse.

A

Glycopeptides

26
Q

Competitively inhibits
Dihydropteroate synthetase
Needs constant levels of drug to
inhibit enzyme (High therapeutic
index)

A

Sulfonamides

27
Q

Competitively inhibits Dihydrofolate
reductase
Needs constant levels of drug to
inhibit enzyme

A

Thrimetoprim

28
Q

o Most effective against Gram-Negative organisms
o Drug binding is irreversible
o Uptake: Dependent on Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Drug is not active in anaerobes or
facultative anaerobes (I.e.,
Streptococcus pneumoniae)

A

Aminoglycosides

29
Q

o Broad spectrum, Bacteriostatic
o Binding of drug to Ribosome is reversible

A

Tetracycline

30
Q

o Broad spectrum, Bacteriostatic
o Has good penetration into the CSF
Use restricted due to side effect
(Aplastic Anemia) following or during
treatment

A

Chlorampenicol

31
Q

Synthetic derivative of Rifamycin B,
targets DNA transcription
Interferes with production of mRNA
✓ Prevents Protein synthesis
via blocking of RNA
Polymerase
Principle therapeutic use:
Combination with other antibacterial
classes to treat Mycobacterium
tuberculosis

A

Rifampin

32
Q

Interferes with Bacterial Gyrase
(Supercoiling of the DNA)
Examples: Nalidixic Acid,
Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin

A

Quinolones

33
Q

Irreversibly binds to 30S subunit
✓ Prevents docking of
Aminoacyl-tRNA
Also contributes to misreading the
genetic code

A

Aminoglycosides

34
Q

Binds to 30S subunit
✓ Interferes with the stability
of peptidyl tRNA by
inhibiting elongation factor

A

Spectinomycin

35
Q

Natural consequence of drug exposure and results from the use and inappropriate use of
antimicrobial agents

A

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance

36
Q

•
Present only on certain isolates that are different from
the parental strain.
•
Result of chromosomal mutations (transformation and
recombination), acquisition of extrachromosomal DNA
or by horizontal transfer of preexisting resistance genes.

A

Acquired Resistance

Clinical Bacteriology (9 decks)

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