LESSON 12 & 13: Macromolecules Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four major types of macromolecules?
A
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
2
Q
Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?
A
Nucleic acids.
3
Q
True or False: Proteins are made up of amino acids.
A
True.
4
Q
Fill in the blank: The building blocks of carbohydrates are called ______.
A
monosaccharides.
5
Q
What type of macromolecule includes fats and oils?
A
Lipids.
6
Q
Which macromolecule is involved in energy storage and structural support in cells?
A
Carbohydrates.
7
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins? A) Enzyme activity B) Energy storage C) Structural support D) Transport
A
B) Energy storage.
8
Q
What is the primary function of lipids in biological systems?
A
Energy storage and forming cell membranes.
9
Q
True or False: All macromolecules are polymers.
A
False.
10
Q
Short Answer: What is the process called that links monomers together to form polymers?
A
Polymerization.
11
Q
Which macromolecule can serve as enzymes?
A
Proteins.
12
Q
Fill in the blank: The monomers of nucleic acids are called ______.
A
nucleotides.
13
Q
What is the main component of the cell membrane?
A
Phospholipids.
14
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a polysaccharide? A) Glucose B) Starch C) Glycine D) DNA
A
B) Starch.
15
Q
True or False: Lipids are soluble in water.
A
False.
16
Q
What type of bond forms between amino acids in proteins?
A
Peptide bonds.
17
Q
Fill in the blank: The primary structure of a protein is determined by its ______.
A
amino acid sequence.
18
Q
Short Answer: What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
A
DNA and RNA.
19
Q
What is the significance of the tertiary structure of a protein?
A
It determines the protein’s function.
20
Q
Multiple Choice: Which macromolecule is primarily used for quick energy? A) Proteins B) Lipids C) Carbohydrates D) Nucleic acids
A
C) Carbohydrates.
21
Q
True or False: All proteins are enzymes.
A
False.
22
Q
Fill in the blank: The main function of RNA is to ______.
A
synthesize proteins.
23
Q
Short Answer: What type of lipid is responsible for forming the bilayer of cell membranes?
A
Phospholipids.
24
Q
What is the role of carbohydrates in cellular communication?
A
They serve as recognition sites on cell surfaces.
25
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of lipids? A) Hydrophilic B) Hydrophobic C) Both A and B D) None of the above
B) Hydrophobic.
26
True or False: Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
True.
27
Fill in the blank: The process of breaking down macromolecules into their monomers is called ______.
hydrolysis.
28
29
What type of glycosidic bond is found in alpha polysaccharides?
Alpha polysaccharides have an OH bond from dehydratation synthesis, below the plane.
30
True or False: Beta polysaccharides are typically more soluble in water than alpha polysaccharides.
False
31
Fill in the blank: The structural difference between alpha and beta polysaccharides is based on the orientation of the ________ group at the anomeric carbon.
hydroxyl
32
Which of the following is an example of a beta polysaccharide? A) Starch B) Glycogen C) Cellulose D) Sucrose
C) Cellulose
33
Short answer: Describe one functional difference between alpha and beta polysaccharides.
Alpha polysaccharides serve as energy storage (e.g., starch, glycogen), while beta polysaccharides provide structural support (e.g., cellulose in plant cell walls).
34
What is the general structure of sugars?
Sugars typically have a basic structure of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms, often in a ring or chain formation.
35
True or False: Sugars with more hydroxyl (-OH) groups are generally more soluble in water.
True
36
Fill in the blank: The solubility of sugars in water is primarily due to their ability to form __________ with water molecules.
hydrogen bonds
37
Which type of sugar is more likely to be soluble in lipids: monosaccharides or polysaccharides?
Monosaccharides
38
What functional groups are primarily responsible for the solubility of sugars in water?
Hydroxyl groups (-OH)
39
Multiple Choice: Which of the following sugars is least soluble in water? A) Glucose B) Fructose C) Sucrose D) Cellulose
D) Cellulose
40
Short Answer: How does the presence of a hydrophobic region in a sugar affect its solubility in lipids?
A hydrophobic region decreases the solubility of a sugar in lipids.
41
True or False: Larger sugar molecules tend to be more soluble in water than smaller ones.
False
42
What type of interaction enhances the solubility of sugars in water?
Hydrogen bonding
43
44
What are structural isomers?
Structural isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.
45
True or False: Enantiomers are a type of structural isomer.
False: Enantiomers are not structural isomers; they are a type of stereoisomer.
46
Fill in the blank: Enantiomers are _____ of each other, meaning they are non-superimposable mirror images.
mirror images
47
Which of the following is a characteristic of structural isomers? A) They have different physical properties B) They have identical chemical properties C) They are always chiral.
A) They have different physical properties
48
Define enantiomers.
Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are related as mirror images and differ in the configuration at one or more chiral centers.
49
What are polysaccharides?
Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.
50
Which polysaccharide is primarily used for energy storage in plants?
Starch is primarily used for energy storage in plants.
51
What is the main structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls?
Cellulose is the main structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.
52
True or False: Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals.
True.
53
Fill in the blank: _____ is a polysaccharide that provides rigidity to fungal cell walls.
Chitin.
54
What is the primary function of glycogen in animals?
Glycogen serves as a readily available source of energy.
55
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a polysaccharide? A) Starch B) Cellulose C) Glucose D) Glycogen
C) Glucose.
56
What type of bond links monosaccharides in polysaccharides?
Glycosidic bonds.
57
True or False: Amylopectin is a branched form of starch.
True.
58
Fill in the blank: _____ is a polysaccharide that can be found in the exoskeletons of arthropods.
Chitin.
59
What is the difference between starch and cellulose in terms of digestibility?
Starch is digestible by humans, while cellulose is not.
60
Multiple Choice: Which polysaccharide is primarily composed of beta-glucose units? A) Starch B) Glycogen C) Cellulose D) Chitin
C) Cellulose.
61
What are triglycerides composed of?
Triglycerides are composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules.
62
True or False: Triglycerides are formed through a process called dehydration synthesis.
True
63
Fill in the blank: The reaction to form triglycerides involves the removal of ______ from the glycerol and fatty acids.
water
64
What is the primary function of triglycerides in the body?
The primary function of triglycerides is to store energy.
65
What are lipids primarily composed of?
Lipids are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
66
True or False: Lipids are soluble in water.
False: Lipids are generally insoluble in water.
67
Fill in the blank: The main types of lipids include ______, triglycerides, and phospholipids.
fatty acids
68
What is the primary function of triglycerides?
The primary function of triglycerides is to store energy.
69
Which property of lipids allows them to form cell membranes?
The amphipathic nature of phospholipids allows them to form cell membranes.
70
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid? A) Phospholipid B) Steroid C) Protein D) Triglyceride
C) Protein
71
What role do lipids play in hormone production?
Lipids, particularly steroids, serve as precursors for hormone production.
72
True or False: All lipids are solid at room temperature.
False: Some lipids, such as oils, are liquid at room temperature.
73
What is the significance of the hydrophobic nature of lipids?
The hydrophobic nature of lipids allows them to form barriers in biological membranes.
74
What type of lipid is primarily responsible for energy storage in animals?
Triglycerides are primarily responsible for energy storage in animals.
75
What are the main components of a cell membrane?
Phospholipids and cholesterol.
76
True or False: Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
True.
77
Fill in the blank: The structure of phospholipids allows them to form a __________ in an aqueous environment.
bilayer.
78
Which part of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic?
The head.
79
What role does cholesterol play in the cell membrane?
Cholesterol helps to maintain membrane fluidity and stability.
80
Multiple Choice: What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
A) Energy production
B) Selective permeability
C) Protein synthesis
D) DNA replication
B) Selective permeability.
81
Describe the orientation of phospholipids in a cell membrane.
Phospholipids orient themselves with their hydrophilic heads facing outward towards the aqueous environment and their hydrophobic tails facing inward, away from water.
82
True or False: Cholesterol is only found in plant cell membranes.
False.
83
What type of molecules can easily pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane?
Small nonpolar molecules.
84
What is the primary function of enzymes?
To catalyze biochemical reactions.
85
True or False: Hemoglobin is a protein that transports oxygen in the blood.
True.
86
Fill in the blank: Antibodies are proteins that play a crucial role in the _____ system.
immune
87
What type of protein serves as a structural component in hair and nails?
Keratin.
88
Which protein is responsible for muscle contraction?
Actin and myosin.
89
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins? A) Transport B) Enzyme catalysis C) Energy storage D) Hormone regulation
C) Energy storage.
90
What is the function of transport proteins?
To carry substances across cell membranes or within the bloodstream.
91
True or False: Collagen is a protein that provides structural support in connective tissues.
True.
92
Fill in the blank: Proteins that regulate metabolic processes are called _____.
hormones.
93
What role do chaperone proteins play in the cell?
They assist in the proper folding of other proteins.
94
Multiple Choice: Which protein is involved in the immune response? A) Hemoglobin B) Myoglobin C) Antibodies D) Collagen
C) Antibodies.
95
What is the function of receptor proteins?
To receive and transmit signals into the cell.
96
True or False: Enzymes are consumed in the reactions they catalyze.
False.
97
Fill in the blank: The protein that facilitates the movement of glucose into cells is called _____.
GLUT (glucose transporter).
98
What is the significance of antibodies in the immune system?
They identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.
99
Multiple Choice: Which of the following proteins is known for its role in blood clotting? A) Fibrinogen B) Myoglobin C) Insulin D) Casein
A) Fibrinogen.
100
What type of proteins are enzymes typically classified as?
Biological catalysts.
101
True or False: Myoglobin is a protein that stores oxygen in muscle tissues.
True.
102
Fill in the blank: The protein that helps maintain the shape of red blood cells is _____.
spectrin.
103
What is the role of signaling proteins?
To transmit information between cells.
104
Multiple Choice: Which protein is involved in the transport of fatty acids? A) Albumin B) Collagen C) Hemoglobin D) Enzymes
A) Albumin.
105
What is the function of storage proteins?
To store amino acids and other nutrients for later use.
106
True or False: All proteins are made up of the same 20 amino acids.
True.
107
Fill in the blank: The protein that acts as a catalyst in digestion is called an _____ enzyme.
digestive.
108
What is the primary role of structural proteins?
To provide support and shape to cells and tissues.
109
Multiple Choice: Which protein is essential for the formation of muscles? A) Myosin B) Insulin C) Hemoglobin D) Globulin
A) Myosin.
110
What is the function of contractile proteins?
To enable movement in muscle cells.
111
True or False: All proteins function independently and do not interact with other molecules.
False.
112
Fill in the blank: The protein that regulates blood sugar levels is _____.
insulin.
113
What is the function of defensive proteins?
To protect the body from pathogens.
114
Multiple Choice: Which protein is known for its role in the immune response? A) Keratin B) Antibody C) Collagen D) Hemoglobin
B) Antibody.
115
What is the role of globular proteins?
To perform various functions including transport, catalysis, and regulation.
116
True or False: Proteins can only have one function.
False.
117
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
118
True or False: The side chains of amino acids determine their properties.
True
119
Fill in the blank: The sequence of _______ in a protein determines its structure and function.
amino acids
120
Which property of amino acids affects protein folding?
Hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity
121
What type of bond is formed between amino acids during protein synthesis?
Peptide bond
122
Multiple Choice: Which of the following amino acids is polar? A) Alanine B) Serine C) Valine
B) Serine
123
How do charged amino acids contribute to protein function?
They interact with other charged molecules and contribute to the protein's overall charge.
124
True or False: Nonpolar amino acids are typically found on the exterior of proteins.
False
125
What is the role of disulfide bonds in proteins?
They stabilize the three-dimensional structure of proteins.
126
Short Answer: Name one way in which amino acid properties can influence enzyme activity.
By affecting substrate binding due to charge or polarity.
127
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary.
128
True or False: The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence.
True.
129
Fill in the blank: The ______ structure of a protein is formed by hydrogen bonds between the backbone atoms.
Secondary.
130
What type of bonding stabilizes the tertiary structure of proteins?
Disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.
131
Multiple Choice: Which level of protein structure involves the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains?
Quaternary structure.
132
Define primary structure in the context of proteins.
The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
133
True or False: The secondary structure includes alpha helices and beta sheets.
True.
134
What is the role of the tertiary structure of a protein?
It determines the overall 3D shape and functionality of the protein.
135
Fill in the blank: The ______ structure results from the interactions between multiple protein subunits.
Quaternary.
136
Which type of bond is crucial for maintaining the primary structure of proteins?
Peptide bonds.
137
What interactions are involved in the stabilization of the secondary structure?
Hydrogen bonds.
138
True or False: All proteins have quaternary structures.
False.
139
Short Answer: What is the significance of the tertiary structure in enzyme function?
It determines the active site shape and catalytic properties.
140
Multiple Choice: Which level of protein structure is primarily concerned with the folding of a single polypeptide chain?
Tertiary structure.
141
Fill in the blank: The ______ structure may consist of two or more polypeptide chains.
Quaternary.
142
What is the primary force driving the formation of tertiary structures?
Hydrophobic interactions among nonpolar side chains.
143
True or False: The primary structure is the most important for determining the protein's function.
True.
144
Short Answer: Describe how a mutation in the primary structure can affect protein function.
It can alter the protein's folding and stability, potentially disrupting function.
145
What type of secondary structure is characterized by a right-handed coil?
Alpha helix.
146
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tertiary structure?
It consists only of alpha helices.
147
Fill in the blank: The ______ structure is determined by the interactions of the side chains of amino acids.
Tertiary.
148
What role do chaperone proteins play in relation to protein structure?
They assist in the proper folding of proteins.
149
True or False: The quaternary structure can involve interactions between proteins of different types.
True.
150
Short Answer: What is the main difference between the secondary and tertiary structures?
Secondary structure refers to local folding patterns, while tertiary structure refers to the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide.
151
What is an amino acid substitution?
An amino acid substitution is the replacement of one amino acid in a protein sequence with another due to a mutation.
152
Fill in the blank: The primary structure of a protein is determined by its _____ sequence.
amino acid
153
What can cause a change in the protein's secondary structure?
Amino acid substitutions that disrupt hydrogen bonding patterns.
154
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a consequence of a non-polar amino acid being replaced by a polar amino acid? A) Increased hydrophobic interactions B) Altered binding affinity C) No effect D) All of the above
B) Altered binding affinity
155
What is the potential impact of a substitution in the active site of an enzyme?
It can impair the enzyme's catalytic activity, affecting its function.
156
True or False: All amino acid substitutions are detrimental to protein function.
False
157
What is meant by 'conserved' amino acids in proteins?
Conserved amino acids are those that remain unchanged across different species due to their critical role in protein function.
158
How can amino acid substitutions lead to diseases?
Substitutions can alter the protein's structure, leading to loss of function or gain of toxic function associated with various diseases.
159
Fill in the blank: The tertiary structure of a protein is primarily stabilized by _____ interactions.
non-covalent
160
Multiple Choice: Which type of mutation is most likely to result in an amino acid substitution? A) Silent mutation B) Nonsense mutation C) Missense mutation D) Frameshift mutation
C) Missense mutation
161
What role do chaperone proteins play in relation to amino acid substitutions?
Chaperone proteins assist in the proper folding of proteins, which can be affected by amino acid substitutions.
162
True or False: The effects of amino acid substitutions are always predictable.
False
163
What is a possible outcome of a substitution that introduces a charged residue in a previously neutral region?
It can create new electrostatic interactions, potentially altering the protein's stability or function.
164
What is the significance of studying amino acid substitutions in evolutionary biology?
It helps understand how proteins evolve and adapt to new functions or environmental challenges.
165
What are the two main components of a nucleoside?
A nucleobase and a sugar.
166
Fill in the blank: A nucleoside is formed when a nucleobase is attached to a _______.
sugar.
167
What type of sugar is commonly found in nucleosides?
Ribose or deoxyribose.
168
Which component of a nucleoside determines its classification as RNA or DNA?
The type of sugar (ribose for RNA, deoxyribose for DNA).
169
What is the role of the nucleobase in a nucleoside?
It encodes genetic information.
170
True or False: Nucleosides can be phosphorylated to form nucleotides.
True.
171
Short Answer: Name one purine nucleobase.
Adenine or Guanine.
172
Short Answer: Name one pyrimidine nucleobase.
Cytosine, Thymine, or Uracil.
173
