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VETERINARY HISTOLOGY > lesson 11 > Flashcards

lesson 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

A special type of connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the main components of blood?

A
  • Fluid matrix (plasma)
  • Formed elements (cells and cell fragments)
  • Fibrous component (fibrin during clotting)
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3
Q

What happens during blood clotting?

A

Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin

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4
Q

What is plasma?

A

The straw-colored, transparent fluid matrix of blood

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5
Q

What is serum?

A

The remaining blood fluid after fibrinogen is removed as fibrin

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6
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

Species-dependent, but generally 35-50%

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7
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A
  • 90% water
  • 10% dissolved substances (proteins, inorganic ions, hormones, pigments, vitamins, dissolved gases)
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8
Q

What are the three main formed elements of blood?

A
  • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells - RBCs)
  • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells - WBCs)
  • Platelets (Thrombocytes)
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9
Q

What are the two categories of leukocytes?

A
  • Agranulocytes
  • Granulocytes
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10
Q

Which cells are agranulocytes?

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
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11
Q

Which cells are granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils (heterophils in some species)
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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12
Q

How do platelets differ in mammals and birds?

A
  • In mammals, platelets are cell fragments
  • In birds, thrombocytes are whole cells
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13
Q

Which is the most numerous blood cell?

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

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14
Q

What is the shape of erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave disk

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15
Q

Are mammalian RBCs nucleated?

A

No, they are non-nucleated

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16
Q

How do RBCs appear under common staining techniques like Wright’s or Giemsa’s?

A

They stain pink

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17
Q

What is rouleaux formation?

A

A phenomenon where RBCs stack like coins when blood is stagnant (not circulating)

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18
Q

What happens to RBCs in an isotonic solution?

A

They remain unchanged

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19
Q

What happens to RBCs in a hypotonic solution?

A
  • They swell and assume a spherical shape
  • If swelling is excessive, the plasma membrane bursts, releasing hemoglobin (hemolysis)
  • Cell remnants leave a ‘shadow’ or ‘ghost’
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20
Q

What happens to RBCs in a hypertonic solution?

A

They shrink irregularly (crenation)

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21
Q

What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

A

Transport oxygen to body tissues via hemoglobin

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22
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin combined with oxygen

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23
Q

What features of erythrocytes make them efficient gas transporters?

A
  • Biconcave shape (20-30% greater surface area than a sphere)
  • Lack of nucleus (more space for hemoglobin)
  • Resilient, elastic structure (prevents injury and allows passage through capillaries)
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24
Q

What proteins make RBCs tough and flexible?

A
  • Spectrin
  • Actin (form a network beneath the membrane)
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25
Q

What gives cheeks and lips a pink or red appearance?

A

Oxyhemoglobin in capillaries

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26
Q

What color is reduced hemoglobin?

A

Blue instead of red

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27
Q

What are Howell-Jolly bodies?

A

Non-refractile nuclear remnants found in some feline and equine RBCs

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28
Q

What are the two major types of leukocytes?

A

Agranulocytes (lack specific granules in the cytoplasm, rounded cells with rounded nuclei) and Granulocytes (contain specific granules in the cytoplasm, have lobed or segmented nuclei)

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29
Q

Which leukocyte is the second most common after neutrophils?

A

Lymphocytes

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30
Q

What percentage of normal leukocyte count do lymphocytes comprise?

A

20-30%

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31
Q

What are the three sizes of lymphocytes?

A

Small, medium, and large

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of lymphocytes?

A
  • High nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
  • round slightly basophilic nucleus
  • small lymphocytes are the most common in circulating blood
  • medium lymphocytes resemble monocytes
  • large lymphocytes are mostly found in extravascular lymphatic tissue
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33
Q

What are the two immunological classifications of lymphocytes?

A

B-Lymphocytes (B cells) and T-Lymphocytes (T cells)

34
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

Production of antibodies (immunoglobulins) in response to antigens

35
Q

What type of immunity do B cells provide?

A

Humoral (blood-borne) immunity

36
Q

Where are B cells found?

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Bursa of Fabricius (in birds)
  3. germinal centers of lymphatic nodules
  4. splenic nodules
37
Q

What is the function of T cells?

A

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

38
Q

What do T cells differentiate into after antigenic stimulation?

A
  1. Cytotoxic T cells
  2. T helper cells
  3. T suppressor cells
  4. memory cells
  5. lymphokine-producing cells
39
Q

What are lymphokines?

A

Low molecular weight proteins produced primarily by T cells

40
Q

Give examples of lymphokines and their functions.

A
  • Macrophage Aggregating Factor (MAF) → causes macrophages to aggregate
  • Mitogenic Factor (MF) → stimulates lymphocytes to divide
  • Interferon → prevents virus replication
41
Q

Where are T cells found?

A

Thymus, paracortical zones of lymphatic nodules, periarteriolar zones of splenic corpuscles

42
Q

Which lymphocyte type is most common in circulation?

43
Q

What is the lifespan of lymphocytes?

A

It varies from hours to years

44
Q

Which cells are believed to be long-lived memory cells?

A

Some B and T cells

45
Q

What percentage of lymphocytes do null lymphocytes comprise?

46
Q

What are the two types of null lymphocytes?

A

Circulating stem cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells

47
Q

What is the function of NK cells?

A

Cell-mediated cytotoxicity (destroy tumor and virus-infected cells)

48
Q

How do activated NK cells destroy target cells?

A

They release cytotoxic granules that kill the altered cells

49
Q

Which leukocyte is the largest in the blood?

50
Q

What are the characteristics of monocytes?

A

Kidney-shaped, bean-shaped, round, or trilobed nucleus; gray cytoplasm

51
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Phagocytosis (they become macrophages in extravascular spaces)

52
Q

Which granulocyte is the most common in the blood?

A

Neutrophils

53
Q

How big are neutrophils compared to RBCs?

A

Twice the size of RBCs

54
Q

What does the nucleus of a neutrophil look like?

A

Segmented with 3-5 lobes connected by fine nucleoplasm strands

55
Q

What color do neutrophilic granules appear?

A

Light pink to purple (varies depending on stain used)

56
Q

What is a pseudoeosinophil?

A

A neutrophil in rabbits and guinea pigs where granules stain with acid dyes

57
Q

Are neutrophilic granules always visible?

A

No, visibility depends on preparatory techniques

58
Q

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytosis of bacteria, particles, and microorganisms

59
Q

When is neutrophil phagocytosis most prominent?

A

During acute inflammation

60
Q

Which granulocyte is the second most frequently found in the blood?

A

Eosinophils

61
Q

What is the shape of the eosinophil nucleus?

62
Q

What type of staining do eosinophilic granules exhibit?

A

Acidophilic (stain with acid dyes)

63
Q

In which species are eosinophil granules especially large?

A

Equines (horses)

64
Q

What do eosinophilic granules contain?

65
Q

What are eosinophils associated with?

A
  • Allergic conditions
  • Parasitic infections
  • Sites of antibody/antigen reactions
66
Q

What happens to eosinophil numbers in response to corticosteroids?

A

They decrease

67
Q

Which granulocyte is the least numerous?

68
Q

How does the size of a basophil compare to a neutrophil?

A

They are about the same size

69
Q

What are the characteristics of basophilic granules?

A
  • Round, coarse, and variable in size
  • Stain darker than the nucleus (may partially obscure it)
  • Basophilic and metachromatic
70
Q

What conditions may cause an increase in basophils?

A

Certain parasitic infections (e.g., heartworm infection)

71
Q

What substances may basophils secrete?

A

Histamines, Heparin

72
Q

What are the contents of azurophilic granules?

A

Acid hydrolases
Myeloperoxidase
Lysozyme
Bactericidal permeability-increasing protein
Cathepsin G
Elastase
Non-specific collagenase

73
Q

What are the specific granule contents of neutrophils?

A

Collagenase
Alkaline phosphatase
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
Phospholipase A2
Phagocytin

74
Q

What are the specific granule contents of eosinophils?

A

Histaminase
β-glucuronidase
Acid phosphatase
Major Basic Protein (MBP)
Neurotoxin
Cathepsin

75
Q

What are the specific granule contents of basophils?

A

Histamine
Heparin
Eosinophil
Chemotactic Factor (ECF)
Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor (NCF)
Peroxidase

76
Q

What are the contents of tertiary granules?

A

Gelatinase, Cathepsin, Glycoproteins

77
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small cytoplasmic disks that are fragments of a large cell called the megakaryocyte

78
Q

How do platelets appear under a light microscope?

A

Membrane-bound, round to oval fragments; Contain a central basophilic region (chromomere); Have a pale homogenous peripheral zone (hyalomere); Lack a nucleus

79
Q

What are the three zones of platelets under an electron microscope?

A

Peripheral zone → Cell membrane with circularly arranged microfilaments
Sol-gel zone → Pale-staining area with microfilaments & microtubules
Organelle zone → Corresponds to chromomere, contains granules and dense bodies for storage

80
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A

Participate in hemostasis (blood clotting)
Contain serotonin, which mediates vasoconstriction
Combine with bacteria and act as opsonins, aiding in phagocytosis

VETERINARY HISTOLOGY (11 decks)

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