Lesson 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what is sound?

A

physical = sound is pressure changes in the air or other medium
perceptual = sound is the experience we have when we hear

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2
Q

condensation

A

vibrations push the surrounding air molecules together. Causes a slight increase in the density of molecules near the diaphragm

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3
Q

rarefaction

A

speaker diaphragm moves back in, air molecules spread out to fill in the increased space

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4
Q

sound wave

A

pattern of air pressure changes

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5
Q

pure tone

A

occurs when changes in air pressure occur
in a pattern described by a mathematical function called a sine wave

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6
Q

frequency (Hertz- Hz)

A

number of cycles per second that the pressure changes repeat

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7
Q

amplitude

A

the size of the pressure change

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8
Q

tone chroma

A

notes separated by octaves sound the same

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9
Q

tone height

A

increase in pitch that happens when the frequency is increased

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10
Q

what does timber depend on?

A
  • tone’s steady-state harmonic structure
    -time course of the attack and decay of the tone’s harmonics.
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11
Q

what does loudness depend on?

A

amplitude AND frequency

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12
Q

what is the outer ear composed of?

A

-pinnae
-auditory canal (3cm)
-tympanic membrane/eardrum

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13
Q

resonance

A

occurs in the auditory canal when sound waves that are reflected back from the closed end of the auditory canal interact with sound waves that are entering the canal

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14
Q

middle ear (small cavity - volume = 2 cubic cm ), composed of what?

A

ossicles (3 smallest bones):
1. malleus/hammer
2. incus/anvil
3. stapes/stirrup
oval window
middle ear muscles

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15
Q

inner ear

A

cochlea (cochlea partition)
organ of Corti (contains hairs, the receptors for hearing)
basilar membrane
tectorial membrane
1 row of inner hair cells
3 rows of outer hair cells

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16
Q

phase locking

A

firing at the same place in the sound stimulus- associated with pitch

17
Q

temporal coding

A

major mechanism of pitch perception

18
Q

what is the path the brain sound takes?

A

auditory nerve fibers from the cochlea synapse subcortical structures:
1.cochlear nucleus
2.superior olivary nucleus
3. inferior colliculus
4.medial geniculate nucleus
5. primary auditory cortex (A1)
(SONIC MG)

19
Q

which brain area is associated with pitch?

A

anterior auditory cortex